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* In splintered [[Poland]] petty principalities generally ruled by branches of the earlier Polish [[Piast dynasty]] are regarded as duchies in translated titulary. Examples of such: [[Kujavia]], [[Masovia]], [[Sandomierz|Sandomir]], [[Greater Poland]] and [[Kalisz]] as well as various minor duchies, often short-lived or in personal union or merger, named after their capitals, mainly in the regions known as [[Lesser Poland|Little Poland]] and [[Greater Poland]], including (there are often also important Latin or German forms) [[Kraków]], [[Łęczyca]] and [[Sieradz]].
* In [[Pomerelia]] and [[Pomerania]] (inhabited by the Kashubians, different Slavic people from the Poles proper), branches of native ruling dynasties were usually recognized as dukes, quite similarly to the pattern in Poland.
* In Ukraine, in medieval times ''knyaz'' ([[Ukrainian language|Ukr]]. Князь) was the closest approximation for a "duke", and ''[[Grand Prince of Kiev|Velyky Knyaz]]'' was their supreme leader'','' although ''knyaz'' is more usually translated as "prince" in modern English. In the Cossack Ukraine however, the new title of [[Hetman]] ([[Ukrainian language|Ukr]].: ''Гетьман''), which was assigned to military commanders, government officials and head of the state, was closely identified as ''dux,'' which translates to "duke", as well as Ukraine's rulers were identified as ''Ukrayneñ Dux'' in various latin translations''.'' Although in different periods the power of the Hetman was limited under the pressure of foreign countries. The Hetman came to power once again as the head of [[Ukrainian State]] and its monarchy in 1918.
* In Russia, before the imperial unification from [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Muscovy]]; sometimes even as vassal, tributary to a Tartar [[Khan (title)|Khan]]; later, in Peter the Great's autocratic empire, the russification '''gertsog''' was used as the Russian rendering of the German ducal title ''Herzog'', especially as (the last) part of the full official style of the Russian Emperor: ''Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy I Oldenburgskiy I prochaya, I prochaya, i prochaya'' "Duke of Schleswig-Holstein [see above], [[Stormarn (gau)|Stormarn]], [[Dithmarschen]] and Oldenburg, and of other lands", in chief of German and Danish territories to which the Tsar was dynastically linked.
* In Bohemia was [[Duchy of Krumlov]], and short-lived [[Napoleon II of France|Duchy of Reichstadt]] and [[Duchy of Friedland]].
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