Examine individual changes

'[[File:16x9 by Pengo.svg|thumb|A 16:9 rectangle in which rectangles visualize the ratio. Note that the groupings are not square.]] [[File:Samsung LE26R41BD and Yamada DVD player 20030624.jpg|thumb|An LCD television set with a 16:9 image ratio.]] '''16:9''' (1.7{{overline|7}}:1) (16<nowiki>:</nowiki>9 = 4²<nowiki>:</nowiki>3²) is an [[Aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]] with a width of 16 units and height of 9. Since 2010 it has become the most common aspect ratio for [[television]]s and [[computer monitor]]s, and is also the international standard format of [[High-definition television|HDTV]], [[Full HD]], non-HD [[digital television]] and analog widescreen television. This has replaced the old [[4:3 aspect ratio]]. ==History== Dr. Kerns H. Powers, a member of the [[SMPTE]] Working Group on High-Definition Electronic Production, first proposed the 16:9 (1.7{{overline|7}}:1) aspect ratio in 1984 <ref>{{cite |url=http://www.sportsvideo.org/new/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Searching-for-the-Perfect-Aspect-Ratio.pdf |title=Searching for the Perfect Aspect Ratio}}</ref> when nobody was creating 16:9 videos. The popular choices in 1980 were: 1.3{{overline|3}}:1 (based on television standard's ratio at the time), 1.6{{overline|6}}:1 (the European "flat" ratio), 1.85:1 (the American "flat" ratio), 2.20:1 (the ratio of 70&nbsp;mm films and [[Panavision]]) and 2.35:1 (the [[CinemaScope]] ratio for [[anamorphic]] widescreen films). Powers cut out rectangles with equal areas, shaped to match each of the popular aspect ratios. When overlapped with their center points aligned, he found that all of those aspect ratio rectangles fit within an outer rectangle with an aspect ratio of 1.7{{overline|7}}:1 and all of them also covered a smaller common inner rectangle with the same aspect ratio 1.7{{overline|7}}:1.<ref name="Cinemasource">{{cite journal |url=http://www.cinemasource.com/articles/aspect_ratios.pdf#page=8 |format=Technical bulletin |title=Understanding Aspect Ratios |publisher=The CinemaSource Press |year=2001 |accessdate=2009-10-24}}</ref> The value found by Powers is exactly the [[geometric mean]] of the extreme aspect ratios, 4:3 (1.3{{overline|3}}:1) and 2.35:1 (or 64:27, see also [[21:9 aspect ratio]] for more information), <span style="font-size:125%;font-stretch:80%;">√</span>{{sfrac|47|15}} ≈ 1.770 which is coincidentally close to 16:9 (1.7{{overline|7}}:1). Applying the same geometric mean technique to 16:9 and 4:3 yields the [[14:9]] aspect ratio, which is likewise used as a compromise between these ratios.<ref>{{cite patent |title=Method of showing 16:9 pictures on 4:3 displays |country=US |number=5956091 |gdate=1999-09-21}}</ref> While 16:9 (1.7{{overline|7}}:1) was initially selected as a compromise format, the subsequent popularity of HDTV broadcast has solidified 16:9 as perhaps the most important video aspect ratio in use.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} Most 4:3 (1.3{{overline|3}}:1) and 2.39:1 video is now recorded using a "[[shoot and protect]]" technique<ref>{{cite journal |journal=EBU |location=[[Switzerland|CH]] |url=http://www.ebu.ch/en/technical/trev/trev_280-baker.pdf |title=Safe areas for widescreen transmission |first=I |last=Baker |publisher=BBC |date=1999-08-25 |accessdate=2009-10-27 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011055023/http://www.ebu.ch/en/technical/trev/trev_280-baker.pdf |archive-date=2010-10-11 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref> that keeps the main action within a 16:9 (1.7{{overline|7}}:1) inner rectangle to facilitate HD broadcast{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}. Conversely it is quite common to use a technique known as center-cutting, to approach the challenge of presenting material shot (typically 16:9) to both a HD and legacy 4:3 audience simultaneously without having to compromise image size for either audience. Content creators frame critical content or graphics to fit within the 1.33 raster space.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} This has similarities to a filming technique called [[Open matte]]. After the original 16:9 Action Plan of the early 1990s, the [[European Union]] has instituted the 16:9 Action Plan,<ref name="actionplan">{{cite web |format=legislation summary |url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/other/l24103c_en.htm |title=Television in the 16:9 screen format |publisher=Europa |location=[[Europe|EU]] |accessdate=2011-09-08}}</ref> just to accelerate the development of the advanced television services in 16:9 aspect ratio, both in [[PAL]] and also in [[High-definition television|HDTV]]. The Community fund for the 16:9 Action Plan amounted to [[Euro|€]]228 million. In 2008 the computer industry started switching to 16:9 from 4:3 and 16:10 as the standard aspect ratio for monitors and laptops. A 2008 report by DisplaySearch cited a number of reasons for this shift, including the ability for PC and monitor manufacturers to expand their product ranges by offering products with wider screens and higher resolutions, helping consumers to more easily adopt such products and "stimulating the growth of the notebook PC and LCD monitor market".<ref name="display">{{cite web |url=http://www.displaysearch.com/cps/rde/xchg/SID-0A424DE8-28DF6E59/displaysearch/hs.xsl/070108_16by9_PR.asp |title=Product Planners and Marketers Must Act Before 16:9 Panels Replace Mainstream 16:10 Notebook PC and Monitor LCD Panels, New DisplaySearch Topical Report Advises |publisher=DisplaySearch |date=2008-07-01 |accessdate=2011-09-08}}</ref> In 2011 Bennie Budler, product manager of IT products at Samsung South Africa, confirmed that monitors capable of 1920×1200 resolutions aren't being manufactured anymore. "It is all about reducing manufacturing costs. The new 16:9 aspect ratio panels are more cost-effective to manufacture locally than the previous 16:10 panels".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mybroadband.co.za/news/hardware/17621-Widescreen-monitors-Where-did-1920x1200.html |title=Widescreen monitors: Where did 1920×1200 go? « Hardware « MyBroadband Tech and IT News |publisher=Mybroadband.co.za |date=2011-01-10 |accessdate=2011-09-08 }}</ref> Since computer displays are advertised by their diagonal measure, for monitors with the same display area, a wide screen monitor will have a larger diagonal measure, thus sounding more impressive. Within limits, the amount of information that can be displayed, and the cost of the monitor depend more on area than on diagonal measure. In March 2011 the 16:9 resolution 1920×1080 became the most common used resolution among [[Steam (software)|Steam]]'s users. The earlier most common resolution was 1680×1050 (16:10).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey |title=Steam Hardware & Software Survey |publisher=Steam |accessdate=2011-09-08 }}</ref> ==Properties== 16:9 is the only widescreen aspect ratio natively supported by the [[DVD-Video#Frame size and frame rate|DVD]] format. [[Anamorphic widescreen|Anamorphic]] [[DVD]] transfers store the information as 5:4 (PAL) or 3:2 (NTSC) [[square pixels]], which is set to expand to either 16:9 or 4:3, which the television or video player handles. For example, a PAL DVD with a full frame image may contain a video resolution of 720×576 (5:4 ratio), but a [[Media player (software)|video player software]] will stretch this to 1024×576 square pixels with a 16:9 flag in order to recreate the correct aspect ratio. DVD producers can also choose to show even wider ratios such as 1.85:1 and 2.39:1<ref group="lower-alpha" name="anamorphic">The 2.39:1 ratio is commonly labeled 2.40:1, e.g., in the [[American Society of Cinematographers]]' ''American Cinematographer Manual'', and is mistakenly referred to as 2.35:1 (only cinema films before the 1970 [[Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers|SMPTE]] revision used 2.35:1).</ref> within the 16:9 DVD frame by [[Hard matte|hard matting]] or adding black bars within the image itself. Some films which were made in a 1.85:1 aspect ratio, such as the U.S.-Italian co-production ''[[Man of La Mancha (film)|Man of La Mancha]]'' and [[Kenneth Branagh]]'s ''[[Much Ado About Nothing (1993 film)|Much Ado About Nothing]]'', fit quite comfortably onto a 1.7{{overline |7}}:1 HDTV screen and have been issued as an enhanced version on DVD without the black bars. Many [[digital video]] cameras have the capability to record in 16:9. [[16 mm film|Super 16 mm film]] is frequently used for television production due to its lower cost, lack of need for soundtrack space on the film itself, and aspect ratio similar to 16:9.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} ==Common resolutions== Common resolutions for 16:9 are listed in the table below: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Width !! Height !! Standard |- | 256 || 144 || YouTube 144p |- | 426 || 240 || |- | 640 || 360 || [[Graphics display resolution#nHD|nHD]] |- | 768 || 432 || |- | 800 || 450 || |- | 848 || 480 || |- | 896 || 504 || |- | 960 || 540 || [[Graphics display resolution#qHD|qHD]] |- | 1024 || 576 || |- | 1152 || 648 || |- | 1280 || 720 || [[Graphics display resolution#HD|HD]] |- | 1366 || 768 || [[Graphics display resolution#WXGA|WXGA]] |- | 1600 || 900 || HD+ |- | 1920 || 1080 || [[Graphics display resolution#FHD (1920x1080)|Full HD]] |- | 2000 || 1125 || |- | 2048 || 1152 || |- | 2304 || 1296 || |- | 2560 || 1440 || [[Graphics display resolution#QHD / WQHD (2560x1440)|QHD]] |- | 2880 || 1620 || |- | 3200 || 1800 || QHD+ |- | 3520 || 1980 || |- | 3840 || 2160 || [[Graphics display resolution#UHD|4K UHD]] |- | 4096 || 2304 || [[Graphics display resolution#4K|Full 4K UHD]] |- | 4480 || 2520 || |- | 5120 || 2880 || [[Graphics display resolution#5K/UHD+ (5120x2880)|5K UHD]] |- | 5760 || 3240 || |- | 6400 || 3600 || |- | 7040 || 3960 || |- | 7680 || 4320 || [[Graphics display resolution#8K UHD (7680x4320)|8K UHD]] |} ==In Europe== In Europe, 16:9 is the standard broadcast format for most TV channels and all [[high-definition television|HDTV]] broadcasts. Some countries adopted the format for analog television, first by using the [[PALplus]] standard (now obsolete) and then by simply using [[Widescreen signaling|WSS signals]] on normal PAL broadcasts. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Country ! Channel |- | {{flag|Albania}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Andorra}} | [[Andorra Televisió]]. |- | {{flag|Armenia}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Austria}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | All channels (except Lider TV). |- | {{flag|Belarus}} | All channels (except NTV-Belarus, Belarus-4 Brest, Belarus-4 Hronda). |- | {{flag|Belgium}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Bulgaria}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Cyprus}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Croatia}} | [[Croatian Radiotelevision|HRT]] 1**, 2**, 3**, 4**, 5, [[RTL Televizija]]*, [[RTL 2 (Croatia)|RTL 2]]*, [[Nova TV (Croatia)|Nova TV]]*, [[Doma TV (Croatia)|Doma TV]]*, [[RTL Kockica]]* [[Sportska televizija|Sportska Televizija]]**.<br/><small>''Older programmes filmed in 4:3 are: <br />*cropped<br />**transmitted in their original format.''</small> |- | {{flag|Czech Republic}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Denmark}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Estonia}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Finland}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|France}} | All channels on [[digital terrestrial television]] <br />Most subscription-based networks |- | {{flag|Germany}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Georgia}} | All channels (except Rustavi 2, Comedy Arkhi, Caucasia, Ertsulovneba, Mall TV, Marneuli, Imervizia, Gurjaani). |- | {{flag|Greece}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Hungary}} | All channels (except [[Cartoon Network (Central and Eastern Europe)|Cartoon Network]]). |- | {{flag|Iceland}} | All three national stations broadcast in 16:9 with occasional 4:3 programmes. Local stations still use 4:3. |- | {{flag|Ireland}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Italy}} | All channels (expect TGS, Tele One and Video 66). |- | {{flag|Kazakhstan}} | All channels (except 7 channel, STV). |- | {{flag|Latvia}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Lithuania}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Luxembourg}} | [[RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg]], [[Luxe.tv]]. |- | {{flag|Macedonia}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Malta}} | All nationwide channels. |- | {{flag|Moldova}} | TRM (Moldova 1, Moldova 2), GMG Group (Prime, Canal 2, Canal 3, Publika TV), ProTV Chishinau, N4, [[Jurnal TV]], TV8, NTV-Moldova. |- | {{flag|Monaco}} | [[Télé Monte Carlo]] & Monaco Info. |- | {{flag|Montenegro}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Netherlands}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Norway}} | 16:9 is the national standard for television&nbsp;&ndash; almost all channels conform to this format. |- | {{flag|Poland}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Portugal}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Romania}} | '''''Always on 16:9''''': Antena channels ([[Antena 1 (Romania)|Antena 1]], [[Antena Stars]], [[Antena 3 (Romania)|Antena 3]], [[Happy Channel (Romania)|Happy]], [[ZU TV]], [[Antena Internațional]]), RCS & RDS channels (including [[Digi 24]], [[UTV Romania|U TV]], [[Music Channel (Romania)|Music Channel]]), [[Kiss TV (Romania)|Kiss TV]], [[B1 TV]], [[Telekom Sport]], [[Look TV]], [[Look Plus]],Turner channels:([[Cartoon Network (Central and Eastern Europe)|Cartoon Network]],[[Boomerang (Central and Eastern Europe)|Boomerang]]<br/>'''''Often on 16:9''''': TVR channels ([[TVR1|TVR 1]], [[TVR2|TVR 2]], [[TVR3|TVR 3]], [[TVRi]]), PRO channels ([[Pro TV]], [[Pro 2]], [[Pro X]], [[PRO Cinema|Pro Cinema]], [[Pro Gold]], [[PRO.TV Internațional|Pro TV Internaţional]]), [[Kanal D (Romania)|Kanal D]]<br/>'''''Always on 4:3''''': [[Realitatea TV]], [[România TV]]<br/>'''''Always on 4:3 with 16:9 stretched''''': CNM channels ([[Naţional TV]], [[Național 24 Plus]], [[Favorit TV]]), TVR regional channels ([[TVR Cluj]], [[TVR Craiova]], [[TVR Iași]], [[TVR Tîrgu-Mureș]], [[TVR Timișoara]]), [[Prima TV]]. |- | {{flag|Russia}} | All channels (except Spas, some channels from VGTRK (Russian Bestseller, Russian Detective, Cinema, Sarafan, My Planete, Live Planet, History, Mama, Mult, Ani), some channels from CTC Media (CTC Domashny, Che, CTC Love), some channels from Gazprom-Media (TNT4 and 2x2), some channels from UTH Russia (U and Disney Channel)). |- | {{flag|San Marino}} | [[San Marino RTV]]. |- | {{flag|Serbia}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Slovakia}} | All nationwide channels ([[RTVS]], CME Slovakia, J&T, [[TA3 (news channel)|TA3]] and others). |- | {{flag|Slovenia}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Spain}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Sweden}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Switzerland}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Turkey}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Ukraine}} | All nationwide channels (except [[UA:PBC]] regional television network (UA:Ternopil, UA:Chernihiv, UA:Sumy, UA:Kherson, UA:Poltava, UA:Odesa, UA:Kharkiv, Centralnyi Kanal, Mykolaiv), Eskulap TV, OTV, KRT, First Kiev, All News, Vintage TV, Svarozhichi, Rada TV, ChePe.Info, Glas, EWTN, Novyi Hristianskiy, Boutique TV). |- | {{flag|United Kingdom}} | All terrestrial channels. |} ==In Oceania== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Country ! Channel |- | {{flag|Australia}} | All major free to air channels and almost all pay TV channels (including SD). Older 4:3 programmes are either shown in their original format or zoomed to 14:9 or 16:9. |- | {{flag|Fiji}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|New Zealand}} | All channels. |} |} ==In the Americas== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Country ! Channel |- | {{flag|Argentina}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Barbados}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Bolivia}} | '''''Always on 16:9''''': PAT, [[Red ATB|ATB]].<br/>''''' Often on 16:9''''': [[Bolivia TV]]. |- | {{flag|Brazil}} | [[Rede Bandeirantes]], [[Rede Globo]], [[Rede Record]], [[Rede Gazeta]], [[Rede TV!]], [[Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão|SBT]], [[FOX Sports]], [[ESPN]], [[ESPN Brasil]], [[ESPN+]], [[Telecine Premium]], [[Telecine Action]], [[Telecine Touch]], [[Telecine Pipoca]], [[Telecine Fun]], [[Telecine Cult]], [[Multishow]], [[GNT]], [[HBO]], [[HBO HD]], [[MAX HD]], [[Gloob]], [[Arte1]], [[Megapix]] [[Sky Esportes]], [[Canal Off]], [[Multishow#Bis|BIS]], [[Canal Sony]], [[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]], [[TBS (Latin American TV channel)|TBS]], [[AXN]], [[Globosat]], [[Warner Channel]], [[Discovery Channel]] etc. |- | {{flag|Canada}} | Almost all channels. |- | {{flag|Chile}} | [[Canal 13 (Chile)|Canal 13HD]], [[Chilevisión|Chilevisión HD]], [[TVN (Chile)|TVN HD]], [[Mega (Chilean television channel)|MEGA HD]]. |- | {{flag|Colombia}} | All channels, except [[Citytv Bogotá|Citytv]] |- | {{flag|Costa Rica}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Dominican Republic}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Ecuador}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Mexico}} | '''''Free-to-air television''''': [[Las Estrellas]], [[FOROtv]], [[Canal 5 (Televisa Network)|Canal 5]], [[Gala TV (Mexico)|Gala TV]], [[Televisa Regional]], [[Azteca Uno]], [[Azteca 7]], [[a+ (television channel)|a+]], [[XHTVM-TDT|adn40]], [[Imagen Televisión]], [[Excélsior|Excélsior TV]], [[Canal Once (Mexico)|Canal Once]], [[XEIMT-TDT|Canal 22]], [[Una Voz con Todos]], [[XHUNAM-TDT|Teveunam]], [[Milenio Televisión]], [[Multimedios Televisión]], [[Teleritmo]], and some local stations broadcast HD signal. '''''Pay television''''': [[Unicable (Mexican network)|U]], [[Golden (TV channel)|Golden]], [[Golden Edge]], [[TL Novelas]], [[Bandamax]], [[De Película]], [[De Película Clásico]], [[Ritmoson Latino]], [[Televisa Deportes Network|TDN]], [[TeleHit]], [[Distrito Comedia]], [[Tiin]], Az Noticias, Az Clic!, Az Mundo, Az Corazón, Az Cinema, [[52MX]], TVC, [[TVC Deportes]], Pánico, Cinema Platino, Cine Mexicano. |- | {{flag|Paraguay}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Peru}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|United States}} | Almost all channels on free-to-air television (especially HD Feeds). SD feeds (usually found on pay television) are usually letterboxed and downscaled to 4:3. |- | {{flag|Uruguay}} | All channels. |} ==In Africa== {{Expand section|date=August 2015}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Country ! Channel |- | {{flag|Algeria}} | {{ubl|[[Public Establishment of Television|Algérie 3]]|[[Echourouk TV]]}} |- | {{flag|Angola}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Botswana}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Cameroon}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Cape Verde}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Congo}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Djibouti}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Egypt}} | ERTU Channel 1, ON E, ON Drama, ON Sport, ON Sport 2, DMC, DMC Drama, CBC, CBC Drama, CBC Sofra, Extra News, Al Nahar One, Al Nahar Drama, Al Nahar Sport, TeN, Al Hayah, Al Hayah 2, Al Hayah Musalsalat. |- | {{flag|Ghana}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Ivory Coast}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Kenya}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Liberia}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Libya}} | Libya 24. |- | {{flag|Madagascar}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Morocco}} | [[Al Aoula]]. |- | {{flag|Mozambique}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Nigeria}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Senegal}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|South Africa}} | 16:9 is the standard broadcast format for most digital channels and all [[high-definition television|HDTV]] broadcasts all main channels. |- |{{flag|Sudan}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Tanzania}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Tunisia}} | All channels. |- | {{flag|Uganda}} | All channels. |} ==See also== *[[Display aspect ratio]] *[[High-definition television]] *[[Display resolution]] *[[1080p]] / [[1080i]] *[[24p]] *[[Aspect ratio (image)#4:3 standard|4:3]] *[[14:9]] *[[16:10]] *[[21:9 aspect ratio|21:9]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|group="lower-alpha"}} ==References== {{commons category|16:9}} <!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> ===Cited=== {{Reflist}} ===General=== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.necdisplay.com/support/css/monitortechguide/index05.htm |publisher=NEC |title=NEC Monitor Technology Guide |accessdate=2006-07-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060521000427/http://www.necdisplay.com/support/css/monitortechguide/index05.htm |archivedate=2006-05-21}} {{Refend}} [[Category:Picture aspect ratios]] [[Category:High-definition television]] [[Category:Ultra-high-definition television]]'