Shan alphabet

Shan script
လိၵ်ႈတႆး
Shan script; လိၵ်ႈတႆး
Script type	Abugida
Time period	c. 1407 CE—present
Direction	Left-to-right
Languages	Shan language
Related scripts
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Brāhmī Tamil-Brahmi Pallava script Mon-Burmese script Burmese alphabet Shan script; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Child systems	Lik-Tai
Unicode
Unicode range	U+1000–U+109F Myanmar;

The Shan alphabet is a Brahmic abugida, used for writing the Shan language, which was derived from the Burmese alphabet.^[2] Due to its recent reforms, the Shan alphabet is more phonetic than other Burmese-derived alphabets.

Graphical summary of the development of Tai scripts from a Shan perspective, as reported in Sai Kam Mong's *Shan Script* book.

History

Around the 15th or 16th centuries, the Mon–Burmese script was borrowed and adapted to write a Tai language of northern Burma. This adaptation eventually resulted in the Shan alphabet, as well as the Tai Le script, Ahom script and Khamti script.^[3] This group of scripts has been called the "Lik Tai" scripts or "Lik" scripts, and are used by various Tai peoples in northeastern India, northern Myanmar, southwestern Yunnan, and northwestern Laos.^[4]According to the scholar Warthon, evidence suggests that the ancestral Lik-Tai script was borrowed from the Mon–Burmese script in the fifteenth century, most probably in the polity of Mong Mao.^[5] However, it is believed that the Ahom people had already adopted their script before migrating to the Brahmaputra Valley in the 13th century.^[6] Furthermore, The scholar Daniels describes a Lik Tai script featured on a 1407 Ming dynasty scroll, which shows greater similarity to the Ahom script than to the Lik Tho Ngok (Tai Le) script.^[7]

Until the 1960s, Shan alphabet did not differentiate all vowels and diphthongs and had only one tone marker and a single form could represent up to 15 sounds. Only the well-trained were able to read Shan. The alphabet was reformed, making the modern alphabet easier to read with all tones indicated unambiguously.

Characteristics

The Shan alphabet is characterised by the circular letter forms of the Mon-Burmese script. It is an abugida, all letters having an inherent vowel /a/. Vowels are represented in the form of diacritics placed around the consonants. It is written left to right ^[2]

Vowels

The representation of the vowels depends partly on whether the syllable has a final consonant. They are typically arranged in the manner below to show the logical relationships between the medial and the final forms and between the individual vowels and the vowel clusters they help form.

Vowels
Medial	◌ a unmarked	ၢ aa IPA: ɑː	ိ i IPA: i	ဵ e IPA: e	ႅ ae IPA: æ	ု u IPA: u	ူ o IPA: o	ွ aw/o IPA: ɔ	ို eu IPA: ɯ	ိူ oe IPA: ə	ႂ wa IPA: ʷ
Final		ႃ aa IPA: ɑː	ီ ii IPA: iː	ေ e IPA: e	ႄ ae IPA: æ	ူ uu IPA: uː	ူဝ် o IPA: o	ေႃ aw/o IPA: ɔ	ိုဝ် eu IPA: ɯ	ိူဝ် oe IPA: ə
	ႆ ai IPA: ai	ၢႆ aai IPA: aːi				ုၺ် ui IPA: ui	ူၺ် ohi/uai IPA: oi	ွႆ oi/oy IPA: ɔi	ိုၺ် uei/uey IPA: ɨi	ိူၺ် oei/oey IPA: əi
	ဝ် aw IPA: au	ၢဝ် aaw IPA: aːu	ိဝ် iu IPA: iu	ဵဝ် eo IPA: eu	ႅဝ် aeo IPA: æu				ႂ် aɨ IPA: aɯ

Consonants

The Shan alphabet is much less complex than those of related Tai-Kadai languages like Thai. Having been reformed recently, Shan lacks many of the historical spelling remnants in Thai and Burmese. Compared to the Thai alphabet, it lacks the notions of high-class, mid-class and low-class consonants, distinctions which help the Thai script to number 44 consonants. Shan has only 19 consonants.

The number of consonants in a textbook may vary: there are 19 universally accepted Shan consonants (ၵ ၶ င ၸ သ ၺ တ ထ ၼ ပ ၽ ၾ မ ယ ရ လ ဝ ႁ ဢ) and five more which represent sounds not found in Shan, g, z, b, d and th [θ]. These five (ၷ ၹ ၿ ၻ ႀ) are quite rare. In addition, most editors include a dummy consonant (ဢ) used in words with a vowel onset. A textbook may therefore present 18-24 consonants.

Like other Brahmi scripts, Shan consonants are typically arranged in rows based on place of articulation with columns based on aspiration and voicing.

ၵ ka IPA: ka	ၶ kha IPA: kʰa	င nga IPA: ŋa
ၸ tsa IPA: t͡ɕa	သ sa IPA: sa	ၺ nya IPA: ɲa
တ ta IPA: ta	ထ tha IPA: tʰa	ၼ na IPA: na
ပ pa IPA: pa	ၽ pha IPA: pʰa	ၾ fa IPA: fa
မ ma IPA: ma	ယ ya IPA: ja	ရ ra IPA: ra
လ la IPA: la	ဝ wa IPA: wa	ႁ ha IPA: ha
	ဢ a IPA: ʔa

Consonants used primarily in loan words
ၷ gǎ IPA: /ɡa˨˦/	ႀ xǎ IPA: /θa˨˦/	ၻ dǎ IPA: /da˨˦/	ၿ bǎ IPA: /ba˨˦/

Final consonants and other symbols
မ် IPA: m	ၼ် IPA: n	င် IPA: ŋ	ပ် IPA: p	တ် IPA: t	ၵ် IPA: k	ျ IPA: ʃa	ြ IPA: pʰra

Tones

The tones are indicated by tone markers at the end of the syllable. Shan tonal markers are mostly unambiguous and phonetic. In the absence of any marker, the default is the rising tone.

Tone markers
1 ◌ rising	2 ႇ low	3 ႈ mid-falling	4 း high	5 ႉ high-falling and creaky	6 ႊ emphatic or middle

While the reformed script originally used only four diacritic tone markers, equivalent to the five tones spoken in the southern dialect, the Lashio-based Shan Literature and Culture Association now, for a number of words, promotes the use of the 'yak khuen' (Shan: ယၵ်းၶိုၼ်ႈ) to denote the sixth tone as pronounced in the north.

Numerals

There are differences between the numerals used by the Shan script in China and Myanmar. The numerals used by Shan in China are similar to the numbers in Tham script and Tai Le script in China and the numbers in Burmese, while the Shan numerals in Myanmar form their own system, similar to the Burmese Tai Le numerals.

Burmese Shan and Tai Le	0 ႐	1 ႑	2 ႒	3 ႓	4 ႔	5 ႕	6 ႖	7 ႗	8 ႘	9 ႙
Chinese Shan and Tai Le	᧐	᧑	ᥨ	၃	၄	၅	᧖	၇	᧘	᧙

Punctuation

There are three main punctuation marks in Shan script with an addition mark for letter reduplication, typically as shorthand.

၊ comma	။ full stop	႟ exclamation	ꧦ letter reduplication

Syllables

Below are charts with syllables showcasing how of Shan script vowels and consonants are combined.

Monophthongs combined with the consonant ⟨ၵ⟩, ka.
ၵ + ◌◌ ၵ kǎ IPA: /ʔa˨˦/	ၵ + ◌ႃ ၵႃ kǎa IPA: /ʔaː˨˦/	ၵ + ◌ိ ၵိ kǐ IPA: /ʔi˨˦/	ၵ + ◌ီ ၵီ kǐi IPA: /ʔiː˨˦/	ၵ + ◌ေ ၵေ kǎe IPA: /ʔeː˨˦/	ၵ + ◌ႄ ၵႄ kě IPA: /ʔɛː˨˦/
ၵ + ◌ု ၵု kǔ IPA: /ʔu˨˦/	ၵ + ◌ ူ ၵူ kǔu IPA: /ʔuː˨˦/	ၵ + ◌ူဝ် ၵူဝ် kǒ IPA: /ʔoː˨˦/	ၵ + ◌ေႃ ၵေႃ kǎu IPA: /ʔɔː˨˦/	ၵ + ◌ိုဝ် ၵိုဝ် kǔe IPA: /ʔɯː˨˦/	ၵ + ◌ိူဝ် ၵိူဝ် kǒe IPA: /ʔɤː˨˦/

Diphthongs combined with the consonant ⟨ၵ⟩, ka.
ၵ + ႆ ၵႆ kǎi IPA: /ʔaj˨˦/	ၵ + ၢႆ ၵၢႆ kǎai IPA: /ʔaːj˨˦/	ၵ + ွႆ ၵွႆ kǎui IPA: /ʔɔj˨˦/	ၵ + ုၺ် ၵုၺ် kǔi IPA: /ʔuj˨˦/	ၵ + ူၺ် ၵူၺ် kǒi IPA: /ʔoj˨˦/	ၵ + ိုၺ် ၵိုၺ် kǔei IPA: /ʔɯj˨˦/	ၵ + ိူၺ် ၵိူၺ် kǒei IPA: /ʔɤj˨˦/
ၵ + ဝ် ၵဝ် kǎo IPA: /ʔaw˨˦/	ၵ + ၢဝ် ၵၢဝ် kǎao IPA: /ʔaːw˨˦/	ၵ + ိဝ် ၵိဝ် kǐo IPA: /ʔiw˨˦/	ၵ + ဵဝ် ၵဵဝ် kǎei IPA: /ʔew˨˦/	ၵ + ႅဝ် ၵႅဝ် kěo IPA: /ʔɛw˨˦/	ၵ + ႂ် ၵႂ် ʼǎue IPA: /ʔaɰ˨˦/

Tones with the syllable ⟨ပႃ⟩, paa.
ပႃ pǎa IPA: /paː˨˦/	ပႃႇ pàa IPA: /paː˩/	ပႃႈ pāa IPA: /paː˧˧˨/	ပႃး páa IPA: /paː˥/	ပႃႉ pâ̰a IPA: /paː˦˨ˀ/	ပႃႊ pa᷈a IPA: /paː˧˦˧/

Unicode

The Shan script has been encoded as a part of the Myanmar block with the release version of Unicode 3.0.

Myanmar^[1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+100x	က	ခ	ဂ	ဃ	င	စ	ဆ	ဇ	ဈ	ဉ	ည	ဋ	ဌ	ဍ	ဎ	ဏ
U+101x	တ	ထ	ဒ	ဓ	န	ပ	ဖ	ဗ	ဘ	မ	ယ	ရ	လ	ဝ	သ	ဟ
U+102x	ဠ	အ	ဢ	ဣ	ဤ	ဥ	ဦ	ဧ	ဨ	ဩ	ဪ	ါ	ာ	ိ	ီ	ု
U+103x	ူ	ေ	ဲ	ဳ	ဴ	ဵ	ံ	့	း	္	်	ျ	ြ	ွ	ှ	ဿ
U+104x	၀	၁	၂	၃	၄	၅	၆	၇	၈	၉	၊	။	၌	၍	၎	၏
U+105x	ၐ	ၑ	ၒ	ၓ	ၔ	ၕ	ၖ	ၗ	ၘ	ၙ	ၚ	ၛ	ၜ	ၝ	ၞ	ၟ
U+106x	ၠ	ၡ	ၢ	ၣ	ၤ	ၥ	ၦ	ၧ	ၨ	ၩ	ၪ	ၫ	ၬ	ၭ	ၮ	ၯ
U+107x	ၰ	ၱ	ၲ	ၳ	ၴ	ၵ	ၶ	ၷ	ၸ	ၹ	ၺ	ၻ	ၼ	ၽ	ၾ	ၿ
U+108x	ႀ	ႁ	ႂ	ႃ	ႄ	ႅ	ႆ	ႇ	ႈ	ႉ	ႊ	ႋ	ႌ	ႍ	ႎ	ႏ
U+109x	႐	႑	႒	႓	႔	႕	႖	႗	႘	႙	ႚ	ႛ	ႜ	ႝ	႞	႟
Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0

Gallery

A sign written in Shan along with other languages in Chiang Mai, Thailand
A sign written in Shan in Chiang Mai, Thailand

References

^ Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 411.
^ ^a ^b Ager, Simon. "Shan alphabet, pronunciation and language". Omniglot. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
^ Ferlus, Michel (Jun 1999). "Les dialectes et les écritures des Tai (Thai) du Nghệ An (Vietnam)". Treizièmes Journées de Linguistique d'Asie Orientale. Paris, France.
^ "Shan | History, Culture & Language | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-07-14. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
^ Wharton, David (2017). Language, Orthography and Buddhist Manuscript Culture of the Tai Nuea: An Apocryphal Jātaka Text in Mueang Sing, Laos (PhD thesis). Universität Passau. p. 518. urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-5236.
^ Terwiel, B. J., & Wichasin, R. (eds.), (1992). Tai Ahoms and the stars: three ritual texts to ward off danger. Ithaca, NY: Southeast Asia Program.
^ Daniels, Christian (2012). "Script without Buddhism: Burmese Influence on the Tay (Shan) Script of Mäng² Maaw² as Seen in a Chinese Scroll Painting of 1407". International Journal of Asian Studies. 9 (2): 170–171. doi:10.1017/S1479591412000010. S2CID 143348310.

[diringer-1] Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 411.

[Omniglot-2] Ager, Simon. "Shan alphabet, pronunciation and language". Omniglot. Retrieved 28 December 2018.

[Ferlus1999-3] Ferlus, Michel (Jun 1999). "Les dialectes et les écritures des Tai (Thai) du Nghệ An (Vietnam)". Treizièmes Journées de Linguistique d'Asie Orientale. Paris, France.

[4] "Shan | History, Culture & Language | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-07-14. Retrieved 2024-09-07.

[5] Wharton, David (2017). Language, Orthography and Buddhist Manuscript Culture of the Tai Nuea: An Apocryphal Jātaka Text in Mueang Sing, Laos (PhD thesis). Universität Passau. p. 518. urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-5236.

[Stars-6] Terwiel, B. J., & Wichasin, R. (eds.), (1992). Tai Ahoms and the stars: three ritual texts to ward off danger. Ithaca, NY: Southeast Asia Program.

[7] Daniels, Christian (2012). "Script without Buddhism: Burmese Influence on the Tay (Shan) Script of Mäng² Maaw² as Seen in a Chinese Scroll Painting of 1407". International Journal of Asian Studies. 9 (2): 170–171. doi:10.1017/S1479591412000010. S2CID 143348310.

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