Minamitorishima (南鳥島, lit. "Southern Bird Island") (pronounced: [minamitoɾiɕi̥ma]) sometimes Minami-Tori-shima or Minami-Torishima, also known as Marcus Island, is an isolated Japanese coral atoll in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, located some 1,848 km (998 nmi; 1,148 mi) southeast of Tokyo and 1,267 km (684 nmi; 787 mi) east of the closest Japanese island, South Iwo Jima of the Volcano Islands, and nearly on a straight line between mainland Tokyo and Wake Island, 1,415 km (764 nmi; 879 mi) further to the east-southeast. The closest island to Minamitorishima is East Island in the Mariana Islands, which is 1,015 km (548 nmi; 631 mi) to the west-southwest.
Native name: 南鳥島 | |
|---|---|
 Aerial photo of Minamitorishima from 1987 | |
 | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Pacific Ocean |
| Coordinates | 24°17′12″N 153°58′50″E / 24.28667°N 153.98056°E |
| Total islands | 1 |
| Area | 1.51[1] km2 (0.58 sq mi) |
| Coastline | 6,000 m (20000 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 9 m (30 ft) |
| Administration | |
 Japan | |
| Prefecture | Tokyo |
| Subprefecture | Ogasawara |
| Village | Ogasawara |
| Demographics | |
| Population | no permanent residents |
| Additional information | |
| Time zone | |
It is the easternmost territory belonging to Japan, and the only Japanese territory on the Pacific Plate, past the Japan Trench. Although small (151 ha or 370 acres),[1] it is of strategic importance, as it enables Japan to claim a 428,875-square-kilometre (165,589.6 sq mi) exclusive economic zone in the surrounding waters. It is also the easternmost territory of Tokyo, being administratively part of Ogasawara Subprefecture. No civilians live there, except personnel of the Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF), and Japan Coast Guard serving temporary tours of duty on the island.[2]
Access
editThe island is off limits to civilians except for Japan Meteorological Agency staff, although reporters, documentary makers, and scientific researchers can sometimes get an entry permit. No commercial boat tours or flights visit the island, and civilians are currently not allowed access to Minamitorishima for tours or sightseeing, due to its use by the JSDF as an observation station.[2]
Geography and geology
edit
Minamitorishima is very remote. There is no other land for over 1,000 km (540 nmi; 621 mi) in any direction.
The island is triangular in shape, and has a saucer-like profile, with a raised outer rim of between 5 and 9 m (16 and 30 ft) above sea level. The central area of the island is 1 m (3 ft) below sea level. Minamitorishima is surrounded by fringing reefs, which range from 50 to 300 m (164 to 984 ft) in width, enclosing a shallow lagoon, which is connected with the open ocean by narrow passages on the southern and northeastern sides.
Outside the reef, the ocean depths quickly plunge to over 1,000 m (3,300 ft). The island has a total land area of 1.51 km2 (1 sq mi).[1] It takes about 45 minutes to walk around the island.
The sea is clear in the shallow area around Minamitorishima. At night, no light pollution occurs, so rarely noticed stars are clearly visible in the sky.[2]
The island does not have soil adequate to produce substantial crops, so food is brought in by supply ships and planes. The only food grown on the island is papaya, mustard greens, and coconuts, and saltwater fish are caught offshore.[2]
Minamitorishima area rare-earth deposits
editAfter China restricted exports of strategic rare-earth oxides (REOs) in 2009, Japan started to explore its seabeds for deposits.[3]
In January 2013, a deep-sea research vessel of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology obtained seven deep-sea mud core samples from the seafloor at 5,600 to 5,800 m depth, about 250 km (130 nmi; 160 mi) south of the island.[4] The research team found a mud layer 2 to 4 metres (6.6 to 13.1 ft) beneath the seabed that is extremely concentrated in REO. Analytical results showed that the maximum REO content in the mud was up to 0.66%.[5][6]
In 2018 a scientific study of the seabed mud resulted in an estimate of 16 million tons of REO mineralised sediments within the studied area. The calculated rare-earth element and yttrium content for the research area was more than 16 million tons (average = 964 ppm).[7][8]
Wildlife
editA species in the gecko family Gekkonidae, Perochirus ateles, inhabits the island. In Japan, these are only found in Minamitorishima and South Iwo Jima. They are thought to have arrived from Micronesia on driftwood.[citation needed]
Also, a large number of land snails, Achatina fulica, have parasites that are harmful to humans. Various forms of marine life inhabit the ocean around the island, including sea snakes, tuna, sharks, and some rare fish. Small fish are in the shallow area around the island.[2]
Population
editNo local residents live on Minamitorishima. Civilians are not allowed to reside there, and the personnel of the Japan Meteorological Agency, JSDF, and the Japan Coast Guard, only serve on the island for a limited time, and in limited numbers.[2]
History
edit
First known sightings
editThe first discovery and mention of an island in this area was made by a Spanish Manila galleon captain, Andrés de Arriola, in 1694.[9] It was charted in Spanish maps as Sebastián López, after Spanish Admiral Sebastián López, victorious in the battles of La Naval de Manila in 1646 against the Dutch. Its exact location was left unrecorded until further sightings in the 19th century.
Captain Bourn Russell (1794–1880) in the Lady Rowena departed Sydney, NSW, 2 November 1830 on a Pacific whaling voyage. On his return on 27 June 1832, he reported an island, not on his charts, which he named "William the Fourth's Island". The Sydney Herald reported Russell's description of the size, shape, and orientation of the island and its reef, but misspelled his name and gave the island a Southern Hemisphere latitude.[10]
The island was sighted again on 16 December 1864 by Captain Charles Gelett of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association's missionary ship Morning Star, and was called "Weeks Island" by him. Its position was recorded by a United States survey ship in 1874 and first sighted by a Japanese national, Kiozaemon Saito, in 1879.[11][12][13]
Colonization and sovereignty contention
editOn 30 June 1886, Japanese explorer Shinroku Mizutani (水谷新六, 1850-1921) led a group of 46 colonists from Haha-jima in the Bonin Islands to settle on Marcus Island. The settlement was named "Mizutani" after the leader of the expedition. The Empire of Japan officially annexed the island 24 July 1898,[14] the previous United States claim from 1889 according to the Guano Islands Act not being officially acknowledged. The island was officially named "Minamitorishima" and placed administratively under the Ogasawara Subprefecture of Tokyo (Tōkyō-fu).[citation needed]
Sovereignty over the island before World War I was apparently disputed, as various sources from the time move the island from the American to Japanese domain without specific explanation. In 1902, the United States dispatched a warship from Hawaii to enforce its claims, but withdrew on finding the island still inhabited by Japanese, with a Japanese warship patrolling nearby. In 1914, William D. Boyce included Marcus Island as an obviously American island in his book, The Colonies and Dependencies of the United States. In 1933, by orders of the Japanese government, the civilian inhabitants of Minamitorishima were evacuated. In 1935, the Imperial Japanese Navy established a meteorological station on the island and built an airstrip.[citation needed]
World War II
edit
After the start of World War II, the Japanese garrison stationed on the island consisted of the 742-man Minamitorishima Guard Unit, under the command of Rear Admiral Masata Matsubara, and the 2,005-man 12th Independent Mixed Regiment of the Imperial Japanese Army, under the command of Colonel Yoshiichi Sakata.[15] The United States Navy bombed it repeatedly in 1942[16] and in 1943,[17] but never attempted to capture it (the island was featured in the U.S. film The Fighting Lady). Japan was able to resupply the garrison by submarine, using a channel, still visible today, cut through the reef on the northwest side of the island. The island was subject to repeated U.S. air attacks during World War II, and finally surrendered when the destroyer USS Bagley arrived on 31 August 1945.[18]
U.S. occupation
edit
The Treaty of San Francisco transferred the island to American control in 1952.[a] The island was returned to Japanese control in 1968, but the Americans retained control of the airstrip and LORAN-C station.[citation needed]
In 1964, after some delays caused by storms that ravaged the island during construction, the U.S. Coast Guard opened a LORAN-C navigation station on Minamitorishima, whose mast was until 1985 one of the tallest structures in the Pacific area at 1,350 feet (411 m). Before replacing Loran A for general marine navigation, Loran C was used by submarine-launched Polaris missile systems and the existence and location of Loran C stations was classified. LORANSTA Marcus Island was billeted for 23 U.S. Coast Guard personnel. The commissioning commanding officer was U.S. Coast Guard Lieutenant Commander Louis. C. Snell. A detachment of SeaBees remained on the island for several months making repairs to the island's airstrip.[citation needed]
The island is extremely isolated. Coast guardsmen stationed on the island served one-year tours that were later modified to allow an R&R visit to mainland Japan at the six-month point. At the end of this isolated tour of duty, crew members received an additional 30 days of compensatory leave.[citation needed]
While under U.S. administration, a C-130 Hercules from the 345th Tactical Airlift Squadron, Yokota Air Base, Japan, resupplied the island on missions every Thursday. Coast guardsmen often amused themselves by judging aircraft landings, raising placards painted with large numbers. An unusually long four-hour ground time was scheduled to allow technicians who flew in to perform maintenance on the transmitter and to offload extra fuel from the C-130 to power the island's generator. It also allowed the coast guardsmen to read and answer letters while aircrews snorkeled and collected green glass fishing buoys that had washed up on the shore. During the Vietnam war era, the weekly log flight was a DC-6 flight conducted by the CIA-operated "Air America."[citation needed]
Resumed Japanese administration
editThe Marcus Island station was transferred from the U.S. Coast Guard to the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force (JMSDF) on 30 September 1993 and was closed on 1 December 2009.[citation needed]
The island is currently used for weather observation and has a radio station, but little else. The JMSDF garrison was supplied by C-130s from Iruma Air Base, or by C-130s from Haneda or Atsugi Air Base with flights via Iwo Jima on a weekly basis. The runway of Minami Torishima Airport is only 1,300 m (4,300 ft) long and cannot handle large aircraft.[citation needed]
Climate
editMinamitorishima has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw), with warm to hot temperatures throughout the year. The wettest months are July and August, while the driest months are February and March. It has the highest average temperature in Japan of 25 °C (77 °F).[19] Temperature extremes range from 13.8 °C (56.8 °F) on February 10, 1976 to 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) on July 17, 1951.
| Climate data for Minami-Torishima (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1951−present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.7 (85.5) |
29.0 (84.2) |
30.2 (86.4) |
31.9 (89.4) |
34.0 (93.2) |
35.0 (95.0) |
35.6 (96.1) |
34.7 (94.5) |
35.3 (95.5) |
33.5 (92.3) |
34.2 (93.6) |
31.6 (88.9) |
35.6 (96.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 24.6 (76.3) |
24.3 (75.7) |
25.3 (77.5) |
27.1 (80.8) |
29.0 (84.2) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.0 (87.8) |
30.9 (87.6) |
30.2 (86.4) |
28.7 (83.7) |
26.7 (80.1) |
28.3 (82.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 22.4 (72.3) |
21.8 (71.2) |
22.5 (72.5) |
24.3 (75.7) |
26.1 (79.0) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.5 (83.3) |
28.4 (83.1) |
28.5 (83.3) |
27.9 (82.2) |
26.5 (79.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
25.8 (78.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.3 (68.5) |
19.6 (67.3) |
20.4 (68.7) |
22.3 (72.1) |
24.1 (75.4) |
25.8 (78.4) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.9 (78.6) |
24.7 (76.5) |
22.6 (72.7) |
23.7 (74.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 13.9 (57.0) |
13.8 (56.8) |
14.2 (57.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
19.1 (66.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
20.8 (69.4) |
19.2 (66.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
13.8 (56.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 69.7 (2.74) |
43.4 (1.71) |
56.0 (2.20) |
59.6 (2.35) |
100.6 (3.96) |
44.3 (1.74) |
139.8 (5.50) |
177.1 (6.97) |
94.8 (3.73) |
89.6 (3.53) |
83.0 (3.27) |
90.8 (3.57) |
1,052.8 (41.45) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm) | 10.9 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 9.3 | 7.2 | 14.8 | 16.7 | 14.1 | 12.7 | 10.4 | 11.8 | 132.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 70 | 70 | 74 | 79 | 79 | 77 | 77 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 76 | 74 | 76 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 170.8 | 179.4 | 222.3 | 240.2 | 275.1 | 311.2 | 276.3 | 248.1 | 254.6 | 250.8 | 211.0 | 182.3 | 2,821.7 |
| Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[20] | |||||||||||||
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See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Article 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco: "Japan will concur in any proposal of the United States to the United Nations to place under its trusteeship system, with the United States as the sole administering authority, Nansei Shoto south of 29° north latitude (including the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands), Nanpo Shoto south of Sofu Gan (including the Bonin Islands, Rosario Island and the Volcano Islands) and Parece Vela and Marcus Island. Pending the making of such a proposal and affirmative action thereon, the United States will have the right to exercise all and any powers of administration, legislation, and jurisdiction over the territory and inhabitants of these islands, including their territorial waters."
References
edit- ^ a b c 国土交通省 南鳥島の概要 [Overview of Minamitorishima. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism] (PDF).
- ^ a b c d e f "Minamitorishima is the easternmost point in Japan. A large survey of the solitary islands of the sea!". Tokyo / Ogasawara Islands. Travelbook.co.jp. Archived from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
- ^ Jamasmie, Cecilia (25 March 2013). "Japan's massive rare earth discovery threatens China's supremacy". Mining.com. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
- ^ "Seabed offers brighter hope in rare-earth hunt". Nikkei Asian Review. Nikkei Inc. 25 November 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
- ^ "Discovery of rare earths around Minami-Torishima". UTokyo Research. University of Tokyo. 2 May 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
- ^ Zhi Li, Ling; Yang, Xiaosheng (4 September 2014). China's rare earth ore deposits and beneficiation techniques (PDF). 1st European Rare Earth Resources Conference. Milos, Greece: European Commission for the 'Development of a sustainable exploitation scheme for Europe's Rare Earth ore deposits'. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
- ^ Takaya, Yutaro; Yasukawa, Kazutaka; Kawasaki, Takehiro; Fujinaga, Koichiro; Ohta, Junichiro; Usui, Yoichi; et al. (2018). "The tremendous potential of deepsea mud as a source of rare-earth elements". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 5763. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.5763T. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23948-5. PMC 5893572. PMID 29636486.
- ^ Palin, Megan (18 April 2018). "'Game changer': Discovery on tiny island could alter global economy". news.com.au. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
- ^ Welsch (2001).
- ^ "[no title cited]". The Sydney Herald. NSW. 16 July 1832. p. 2B.
- ^ The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1868. Cambridge University Press. 2013. p. 458. ISBN 9781108054881. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ Hiraoka, Akitoshi (2012). Japanese Advance into the Pacific Ocean: The Albatross and the Great Bird Rush. Singapore: Springer Nature. p. 16. ISBN 9789811051401. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ Stommel, Henry (21 June 2017). Lost Islands: The Story of Islands That Have Vanished from Nautical Charts. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. p. 62. ISBN 9780486784670.
- ^ Kuroda (1954) p. 87
- ^ Takizawa, Akira; Alsleben, Allan (1999–2000). "Japanese garrisons on the by-passed Pacific Islands 1944-1945". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016.
- ^ "The Raids on Wake and Marcus Islands". Early Raids in the Pacific Ocean. Office of Naval Intelligence. USN Combat Narrative series. United States Navy. 1943.
- ^ Paramount Battles Involving Essex Class Carriers. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008.
- ^ "Surrender at Marcus Island". 30 March 2015.
- ^ "Japan". climate-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2017-10-30. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
Further reading
edit- Bryan, William A. (1903). A monograph of Marcus Island. Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Vol. 2.
- Kuroda, Nagahisa (1954). "Report on a trip to Marcus Island, with notes on the birds". Pacific Science. 8 (1).
- L, Klemen (1999–2000). "Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011.
- Lévesque, Rodrigue (1997). "The Odyssey of Captain Arriola and His Discovery of Marcus Island in 1694". Journal of Pacific History. 32 (2): 229–233. doi:10.1080/00223349708572841.
- Pub 158 Japan. Vol. 1. Bethesda, Maryland: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 2007-11-03. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
- Sakagami, Shoichi F. (1961). "An ecological perspective of Marcus Island, with special reference to land animals". Pacific Science. 15 (1).
- Welsch, Bernhard (2001). "The Asserted Discovery of Marcus Island in 1694". Journal of Pacific History. 36 (1): 105–115. doi:10.1080/00223340120049479. S2CID 161496300.
- Welsch, Bernhard (June 2004), "Was Marcus Island Discovered by Bernardo de la Torre in 1543?", Journal of Pacific History, vol. 39, Milton Park: Taylor & Francis, pp. 109–122, doi:10.1080/00223340410001684886, JSTOR 25169675, S2CID 219627973.
External links
edit
- "Minami Torishima info and pictures". geocities. Archived from the original on 2009-10-19.[unreliable source?]
- "Marcus Island (Minami Tori Shima) – sunrise, sunset, tides". Archived from the original on 2013-09-29. Retrieved 2019-08-05.
- "Map and aerial photo of Minami Torishima". Geographical Survey Institute of Japan. Archived from the original on 2006-04-11. Retrieved 2006-03-29.
- "The island during the Pacific War (USS Shubrick DD 639)".