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List of U.S. states and territories by incarceration and correctional supervision rate

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This article has lists of US states and US territories by incarceration and correctional supervision rates. There are also counts of inmates for various categories. The data is from the United States Department of Justice and other sources. The incarceration numbers include sentenced and unsentenced inmates from many categories.

Incarceration rates by state. From various years; latest available as of June 2024. State, federal, and local inmates.[1]

Incarceration rates and totals; numbers in state, federal, and local institutions

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This table and the one that directly follows it are a comprehensive breakdown of inmates across many categories. The incarceration rate for a state or U.S. territory is calculated from the total of inmates across that location row in both tables. Nationwide totals for each column are at the end of each table.[1]

Some U.S. territories are in alphabetical order in the 2 table halves: American Samoa, Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

  • Asterisk (*) indicates "Incarceration in LOCATION" or "Crime in LOCATION" links.

Incarceration rates per 100,000. Counts. Data is from various years. Latest data available as of June 2024.

Incarceration rates per 100,000. Counts. Data is from various years. Latest data available as of June 24.
Location Incarceration rate Total incarcerated State population State prisons Federal Local jails
  Alabama * 898 45,573 5,073,903 26,421 3,607 14,727
  Alaska * 744 5,456 733,276 4,778 498 12
  American Samoa 606 301 49,710 301 N/A N/A
  Arizona * 710 52,329 7,365,684 33,865 3,567 13,541
  Arkansas * 912 27,795 3,046,404 17,625 2,522 7,165
  California * 494 192,694 39,040,616 97,608 12,172 75,061
  Colorado * 556 32,495 5,841,039 17,168 1,811 12,719
  Connecticut * 326 11,747 3,608,706 10,506 949 N/A
  Delaware * 539 5,492 1,019,459 4,954 361 N/A
  Florida * 705 156,734 22,245,521 84,678 13,370 55,826
  Georgia * 881 96,171 10,913,150 48,439 6,897 40,085
  Guam 502 772 153,836 678 94 N/A
  Hawaii * 367 5,283 1,439,399 4,149 834 N/A
  Idaho * 720 13,965 1,938,996 9,110 950 3,508
  Illinois * 433 54,474 12,582,515 29,634 6,386 16,493
  Indiana * 721 49,241 6,832,274 25,286 3,436 19,416
  Iowa * 550 17,598 3,199,693 8,473 3,744 4,950
  Kansas * 648 19,022 2,936,716 8,709 1,537 8,065
  Kentucky * 889 40,107 4,511,563 19,744 3,182 16,844
  Louisiana * 1,067 48,973 4,588,023 27,296 2,538 18,183
  Maine 272 3,777 1,389,338 1,675 452 1,623
  Maryland * 475 29,304 6,163,981 15,637 4,068 8,455
  Massachusetts * 241 16,798 6,982,740 6,001 1,279 9,129
  Michigan * 535 53,683 10,033,281 32,374 4,477 15,875
  Minnesota * 323 18,457 5,714,300 8,636 2,003 6,343
  Mississippi * 1,020 29,980 2,938,928 19,802 2,041 7,829
  Missouri * 713 44,016 6,177,168 23,911 6,747 11,576
  Montana * 758 8,508 1,122,878 4,691 1,214 2,206
  Nebraska * 591 11,635 1,968,060 5,649 1,390 4,119
  Nevada * 610 19,370 3,177,421 10,304 1,311 7,211
  New Hampshire 278 3,886 1,399,003 2,086 426 1,332
  New Jersey * 270 25,016 9,260,817 12,657 2,337 8,775
  New Mexico * 647 13,676 2,113,476 4,970 1,746 6,549
  New York * 317 62,339 19,673,200 31,148 8,859 20,448
  North Carolina * 559 59,753 10,695,965 29,627 9,164 20,360
  North Dakota * 560 4,363 778,912 1,817 901 1,434
  Northern Mariana Islands 400 189 47,329 170 19 N/A
  Ohio * 621 72,989 11,759,697 45,313 4,728 20,582
  Oklahoma * 905 36,388 4,019,271 22,941 2,350 10,625
  Oregon * 494 20,942 4,239,379 12,518 1,182 5,991
  Pennsylvania * 589 76,355 12,972,091 37,910 5,726 31,303
  Puerto Rico * 341 10,995 3,220,113 7,067 3,928 N/A
  Rhode Island * 254 2,779 1,093,842 2,393 260 N/A
  South Carolina * 606 32,038 5,282,955 16,318 3,712 11,177
  South Dakota * 812 7,386 909,869 3,444 1,327 2,003
  Tennessee * 817 57,625 7,048,976 23,735 7,044 26,463
  Texas * 751 225,480 30,029,848 139,631 23,244 58,489
  U.S. Virgin Islands 651 567 87,146 417 150 N/A
  Utah * 396 13,381 3,381,236 6,009 1,313 5,765
  Vermont * 245 1,583 647,110 1,360 219 N/A
  Virginia * 679 58,917 8,679,099 27,162 4,722 25,229
  Washington * 373 29,065 7,784,477 13,772 2,438 11,567
  Washington, D.C. * 816 5,473 670,949 N/A 3,445 1,817
  West Virginia * 674 11,954 1,774,035 5,873 1,289 4,372
  Wisconsin * 615 36,199 5,890,543 20,873 1,615 12,741
  Wyoming * 785 4,568 581,629 2,154 615 1,558
U.S. total 608 2,048,524 336,829,545 1,079,467 219,140 649,181

Numbers in institution types: youth, Indian, civil commitment, forensic psychiatric, immigration, military

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Further breakdown of inmates across categories. US totals at end of table.[1]

  • Asterisk (*) indicates "Incarceration in LOCATION" or "Crime in LOCATION" links.

US states and territories. Number of inmates by category. Data is from various years. Latest data available as of June 24.

US states and territories. Number of inmates by category. Data is from various years. Latest data available as of June 24.
Location Youth Indian Country jails Civil commitment Forensic psychiatric Immigration Military
  Alabama * 678 N/A N/A 140 N/A N/A
  Alaska * 156 2 N/A 10 N/A N/A
  American Samoa N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Arizona * 351 774 88 143 N/A N/A
  Arkansas * 297 N/A N/A 186 N/A N/A
  California * 2,385 N/A 946 4,522 N/A N/A
  Colorado * 462 45 N/A 290 N/A N/A
  Connecticut * 63 N/A N/A 229 N/A N/A
  Delaware * 135 N/A N/A 42 N/A N/A
  Florida * 1,221 N/A 531 1,108 N/A N/A
  Georgia * 750 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Guam N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Hawaii * 27 N/A N/A 273 N/A N/A
  Idaho * 264 61 N/A 72 N/A N/A
  Illinois * 516 N/A 493 952 N/A N/A
  Indiana * 837 N/A N/A 266 N/A N/A
  Iowa * 267 N/A 164 N/A N/A N/A
  Kansas * 351 N/A 256 104 N/A N/A
  Kentucky * 297 N/A N/A 40 N/A N/A
  Louisiana * 717 N/A N/A 239 N/A N/A
  Maine 27 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Maryland * 198 N/A N/A 946 N/A N/A
  Massachusetts * 204 N/A 104 81 N/A N/A
  Michigan * 723 11 N/A 223 N/A N/A
  Minnesota * 378 81 740 276 N/A N/A
  Mississippi * 186 44 N/A 78 N/A N/A
  Missouri * 612 N/A 280 890 N/A N/A
  Montana * 99 244 N/A 54 N/A N/A
  Nebraska * 207 8 150 112 N/A N/A
  Nevada * 342 3 N/A 199 N/A N/A
  New Hampshire 12 N/A 0 30 N/A N/A
  New Jersey * 378 N/A 419 450 N/A N/A
  New Mexico * 198 125 N/A 88 N/A N/A
  New York * 741 N/A 386 757 N/A N/A
  North Carolina * 411 0 N/A 191 N/A N/A
  North Dakota * 39 137 27 8 N/A N/A
  Northern Mariana Islands N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Ohio * 1,476 N/A N/A 890 N/A N/A
  Oklahoma * 261 11 N/A 200 N/A N/A
  Oregon * 597 N/A N/A 654 N/A N/A
  Pennsylvania * 1,002 N/A 55 359 N/A N/A
  Puerto Rico * N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Rhode Island * 72 N/A N/A 54 N/A N/A
  South Carolina * 414 N/A 204 213 N/A N/A
  South Dakota * 99 487 N/A 26 N/A N/A
  Tennessee * 300 N/A N/A 83 N/A N/A
  Texas * 2,730 N/A 447 939 N/A N/A
  U.S. Virgin Islands N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Utah * 168 N/A N/A 126 N/A N/A
  Vermont * 0 N/A N/A 4 N/A N/A
  Virginia * 558 N/A 406 840 N/A N/A
  Washington * 396 187 102 603 N/A N/A
  Washington, D.C. * 78 N/A N/A 133 N/A N/A
  West Virginia * 345 N/A N/A 75 N/A N/A
  Wisconsin * 417 44 187 322 N/A N/A
  Wyoming * 171 28 N/A 42 N/A N/A
U.S. total 24,891 2,292 6,051 18,562 47,835 1,105

By territory and percentage female

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  • Asterisk (*) indicates "Incarceration in TERRITORY" or "Crime in TERRITORY" links.

US territories. Incarceration rate per 100,000 of all ages. Incarceration count. Percent female. Data year is in order by column.[2]

US territories. Incarceration rate per 100,000 of all ages. Incarceration count. Percent female. Data year is in order by column.
Territory Rate Count Percent female Data year
  American Samoa 345 193 4.1% 2017, 2017, 2017
  Guam 411 690 7.2% 2019, 2019, 2017
  Northern Mariana Islands 313 175 5.8% 2019, 2019, 2007
  Puerto Rico * 278 8,884 3.6% 2019, 2019, 2017
  U.S. Virgin Islands 394 412 2.7% 2020, 2020, 2011

Juvenile detention

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Further information: Youth incarceration in the United States

Juvenile detention totals from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.[3]

Juvenile detention in the US
Year Male Female Total
1997 90,771 14,284 105,055
1999 92,985 14,508 107,493
2001 89,115 15,104 104,219
2003 81,975 14,556 96,531
2006 78,998 13,723 92,721
2007 75,017 11,797 86,814
2010 61,359 9,434 70,793
2011 53,079 8,344 61,423
2013 46,421 7,727 54,148
2015 40,750 7,293 48,043
2017 36,982 6,598 43,580
2019 31,064 5,415 36,479
2021 21,340 3,554 24,894

Comparison with other countries

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The U.S. incarceration rate peaked in 2008. The U.S. rate was the highest in the world in 2008. Chart is for prisoners per 100,000 population of all ages.[4][5]
 
US timeline graphs of number of people incarcerated in jails and prisons.[6]
Main article: Comparison of United States incarceration rate with other countries
See also: List of countries by incarceration rate

On January 1, 2008 more than 1 in 100 adults in the United States were in prison or jail.[7][8] Total U.S. incarceration peaked in 2008.[5] The U.S. incarceration rate was the highest in the world in 2008.[4] It is no longer the highest rate.[9]

The United States has one of the highest rates of female incarceration.[10] According to a November 2017 report by the World Prison Brief around 212,000 of the 714,000 female prisoners worldwide (women and girls) are incarcerated in the United States.[11] In the United States in 2016, women made up 9.8% of the incarcerated population in adult prisons and jails.[12][13]

Comparing English-speaking developed countries;[9] the overall incarceration rate in the U.S. was 531 per 100,000 population of all ages in 2021,[12] the incarceration rate of Canada was 85 per 100,000 in 2020,[14] England and Wales was 146 per 100,000 in 2023,[15] and Australia was 158 per 100,000 in 2022.[16] Comparing other developed countries, the rate of Spain was 122 per 100,000 in 2020,[17] France was 90 per 100,000 in 2020,[18] Germany was 69 per 100,000 in 2020,[19] Norway was 49 per 100,000 in 2020,[20] Netherlands was 63 per 100,000 in 2018,[21] and Japan was 38 per 100,000 in 2019.[22]

The racial aspect of mass incarceration in the United States is striking. According to Michelle Alexander (in 2010 book), the United States "imprisons a larger percentage of its black population than South Africa did at the height of apartheid."[23]

Correctional supervision by state

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Chart below has numbers for people in adult facilities, and for people on probation and on parole.[24] The incarceration numbers for the states in the chart below are for sentenced and unsentenced inmates in adult facilities in local jails and state prisons. Numbers for federal prisons are in the Federal line.

Asterisk (*) indicates "Incarceration in STATE" or "Crime in STATE" links.

Correctional supervision numbers for Dec 31, 2018. "In community" is community supervision. Rates are per 100,000 adults.[24]

Correctional supervision numbers for Dec 31, 2018. "In community" is community supervision. Rates are per 100,000 adults
Jurisdiction Total In community Incarcerated
Counts Rate Probation or Parole Rate In prison or jail Rate
  Federal 302,100 90 122,800 40 179,200 50
  State 6,083,300 1,850 4,276,200 1,300 1,919,200 580
  Alabama * 99,200 2,030 60,900 1,240 40,400 820
  Alaska * 7,800 1,060 3,400 460 4,400 600
  Arizona * 136,800 1,890 84,300 1,170 54,600 750
  Arkansas * 74,700 2,470 53,800 1,780 24,700 820
  California * 513,100 1,290 312,400 790 200,700 510
  Colorado * 122,600 2,140 91,300 1,590 32,700 570
  Connecticut * 54,800 1,530 43,100 1,210 13,700 380
  Delaware * 20,600 2,120 14,500 1,490 6,100 620
  District of Columbia * 9,500 1,340 8,600 1,210 1,800 260
  Florida * 357,400 1,670 209,400 980 150,500 700
  Georgia * 495,200 4,680 433,200 4,100 89,700 850
  Hawaii * 27,200 1,920 21,900 1,540 5,400 380
  Idaho * 51,800 2,920 39,700 2,240 12,100 690
  Illinois * 171,900 1,350 116,100 910 55,800 440
  Indiana * 164,700 2,450 118,400 1,760 46,300 690
  Iowa * 47,600 1,500 35,600 1,120 14,000 440
  Kansas * 39,000 1,340 21,900 750 18,000 620
  Kentucky * 99,600 2,230 62,800 1,400 37,500 840
  Louisiana * 104,000 2,230 62,300 1,340 45,700 980
  Maine 10,300 770 6,800 500 4,000 300
  Maryland * 96,600 1,600 80,600 1,330 27,600 460
  Massachusetts * 71,200 1,030 53,700 780 17,600 250
  Michigan * 219,200 2,190 164,800 1,650 54,500 540
  Minnesota * 122,900 2,180 107,500 1,910 15,900 280
  Mississippi * 63,600 2,130 37,200 1,240 27,500 920
  Missouri * 106,100 1,730 63,100 1,030 43,000 700
  Montana * 16,700 1,570 11,400 1,070 6,200 580
  Nebraska * 25,100 1,300 15,900 820 9,300 480
  Nevada * 40,300 1,310 19,800 640 20,500 670
  New Hampshire 10,400 760 6,300 460 4,100 300
  New Jersey * 173,700 1,950 146,300 1,640 28,700 320
  New Mexico * 26,800 1,280 13,700 660 13,100 620
  New York * 202,300 1,040 139,700 720 67,700 350
  North Carolina * 148,600 1,420 94,100 900 54,600 520
  North Dakota * 10,100 1,320 7,000 920 3,100 400
  Ohio * 322,500 2,760 253,900 2,170 70,500 600
  Oklahoma * 81,800 2,070 43,300 1,100 38,500 970
  Oregon * 81,000 1,920 59,900 1,420 21,100 500
  Pennsylvania * 360,200 2,810 288,000 2,250 77,900 610
  Rhode Island * 22,000 2,080 20,900 1,980 2,800 260
  South Carolina * 67,000 1,310 36,700 720 30,300 590
  South Dakota * 15,100 1,710 9,200 1,040 6,100 680
  Tennessee * 117,400 1,730 72,100 1,060 49,300 730
  Texas * 672,400 2,330 474,600 1,640 218,000 750
  Utah * 26,800 840 16,600 520 12,500 390
  Vermont * 6,500 1,030 4,800 770 1,700 260
  Virginia * 122,000 1,430 65,000 760 57,100 670
  Washington * 115,200 1,520 88,900 1,170 30,900 410
  West Virginia * 21,500 1,190 10,900 600 10,600 590
  Wisconsin * 100,600 1,730 63,900 1,100 36,700 630
  Wyoming * 9,900 1,720 6,300 1,090 4,000 700

Male and female incarceration and correctional supervision

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Further information: Incarceration of women in the United States
See also: List of countries by incarceration rate § Female incarceration rates by country and US state

In 2015 there were 1,942,500 male and 202,600 female inmates in prisons and jails. That is 10.4% female.[25]

  • Note: The state, federal, and U.S. total rows sort, but they come back to the top after further sorting.
  • Asterisk (*) indicates "Incarceration in STATE" or "Crime in STATE" links.

2015 male and female incarceration and correctional supervision numbers. Rate is per 100,000 of all ages.

2015 male and female incarceration and correctional supervision numbers. Rate is per 100,000 of all ages.
Jurisdiction Parole, probation, etc. Incarcerated
Number Rate Number Rate
Total Male Female Male Female Total Male Female Male Female
State 4,518,100 3,485,100 1,033,000 2,190 630 1,949,400 1,759,700 189,800 1,450 150
Federal 132,800 109,200 23,700 70 10 195,700 182,800 12,900 150 10
U.S. total 4,650,900 3,594,300 1,056,700 2,260 640 2,145,100 1,942,500 202,600 1,600 160
  Alabama * 64,600 50,600 14,000 2,140 560 42,900 38,600 4,300 1,640 170
  Alaska * 8,500 6,600 1,900 1,700 550 5,400 4,800 600 1,230 170
  Arizona * 83,300 66,700 16,700 1,950 480 54,900 49,100 5,800 1,440 170
  Arkansas * 51,500 39,000 12,500 2,660 820 24,000 21,200 2,800 1,450 180
  California * 349,600 277,500 72,100 1,420 360 201,000 186,000 15,100 950 80
  Colorado * 89,200 66,700 22,400 2,410 820 31,800 28,000 3,800 1,010 140
  Connecticut * 45,300 35,700 9,500 2,040 520 15,800 14,700 1,100 840 60
  Delaware * 16,100 12,400 3,700 2,690 760 6,700 6,100 500 1,330 110
  District of Columbia * 9,900 8,500 1,400 2,640 400 1,800 1,700 100 530 30
  Florida * 225,400 167,000 58,400 1,670 560 153,000 137,900 15,100 1,380 140
  Georgia * 451,800 353,600 98,200 7,060 1,870 88,500 79,600 8,900 1,590 170
  Hawaii * 22,500 17,200 5,300 2,360 740 5,900 5,200 700 710 100
  Idaho * 37,800 28,100 9,700 3,370 1,160 10,900 9,300 1,600 1,120 190
  Illinois * 151,300 118,200 33,100 1,870 510 63,900 59,500 4,400 940 70
  Indiana * 122,500 93,100 29,400 2,850 870 43,500 38,200 5,200 1,170 160
  Iowa * 35,600 26,900 8,700 1,730 550 12,900 11,500 1,400 740 90
  Kansas * 20,900 16,400 4,500 1,120 310 16,600 14,800 1,800 1,010 130
  Kentucky * 70,600 49,400 21,300 2,260 940 33,800 28,700 5,100 1,310 230
  Louisiana * 71,900 57,400 14,500 2,510 600 49,000 45,400 3,600 1,980 150
  Maine 6,700 5,400 1,400 820 200 4,000 3,500 500 540 70
  Maryland * 87,400 71,800 15,600 2,460 500 29,700 27,800 1,900 950 60
  Massachusetts * 66,900 52,600 14,300 1,590 410 20,100 19,000 1,200 570 30
  Michigan * 193,900 147,700 46,100 3,020 910 57,700 53,100 4,600 1,090 90
  Minnesota * 105,100 81,000 24,000 2,960 870 16,500 14,800 1,600 540 60
  Mississippi * 44,800 35,500 9,300 2,440 600 28,000 25,800 2,300 1,770 150
  Missouri * 62,600 47,600 15,000 1,590 480 43,400 38,500 4,900 1,290 160
  Montana * 9,700 7,400 2,300 1,430 440 5,600 4,800 800 930 150
  Nebraska * 13,700 10,000 3,700 1,050 390 8,600 7,700 900 810 100
  Nevada * 19,200 15,200 4,000 1,040 270 19,100 16,800 2,300 1,150 160
  New Hampshire 6,300 4,900 1,400 750 210 4,600 4,100 500 620 80
  New Jersey * 151,300 117,700 33,700 2,690 730 33,900 31,700 2,200 720 50
  New Mexico * 16,800 12,600 4,200 1,210 400 15,100 13,300 1,800 1,290 170
  New York * 145,600 120,500 25,000 1,250 250 75,900 71,100 4,800 740 50
  North Carolina * 97,400 73,400 24,000 1,490 460 53,800 48,800 5,000 990 100
  North Dakota * 6,900 5,100 1,800 1,300 490 3,200 2,700 400 690 120
  Ohio * 262,000 189,700 72,300 3,330 1,220 70,700 62,800 7,900 1,100 130
  Oklahoma * 33,400 25,700 7,700 1,320 390 39,700 34,400 5,300 1,770 270
  Oregon * 61,900 49,600 12,300 2,470 600 21,000 18,600 2,400 930 120
  Pennsylvania * 296,200 223,500 72,700 3,560 1,110 83,900 76,300 7,600 1,220 120
  Rhode Island * 24,400 20,600 3,800 4,010 690 3,200 3,100 100 600 30
  South Carolina * 38,500 30,500 8,000 1,280 320 31,600 28,900 2,800 1,210 110
  South Dakota * 9,800 7,500 2,300 1,720 540 5,300 4,600 800 1,050 180
  Tennessee * 75,400 57,100 18,300 1,770 540 48,000 41,600 6,500 1,290 190
  Texas * 488,800 375,200 113,600 2,730 810 214,800 192,500 22,300 1,400 160
  Utah * 15,700 12,000 3,700 790 240 11,700 10,100 1,600 660 110
  Vermont * 6,300 4,800 1,500 1,550 470 1,800 1,600 200 520 50
  Virginia * 57,000 43,700 13,300 1,060 310 57,300 51,000 6,300 1,230 150
  Washington * 104,700 81,600 23,200 2,260 640 29,700 26,300 3,400 730 90
  West Virginia * 10,100 7,300 2,800 800 300 10,100 8,700 1,400 950 150
  Wisconsin * 65,600 52,700 12,900 1,830 440 35,000 31,800 3,100 1,110 110
  Wyoming * 5,900 4,300 1,600 1,450 550 3,900 3,400 600 1,130 200

U.S. states compared to countries

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Female incarceration rates by country and US state.[10]
 
World incarceration rates by country and US state.[26]

See first chart to right. The data is from various years, and is the latest available as of June 2024. From the source report: "This graph shows the number of people in state prisons, local jails, federal prisons, and other systems of confinement from each U.S. state and territory per 100,000 people in that state or territory and the incarceration rate per 100,000 in all countries with a total population of at least 500,000."[26]

Female incarceration in U.S. states and countries

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See second chart at right. Female incarceration rates by country and US state. Per 100,000 female population of all ages. Incarcerated females of all ages (where the data are available). From a 2018 report with latest available data. From the source report: "This graph shows the number of women in state prisons, local jails, and federal prisons from each U.S. state per 100,000 people in that state and the incarceration rate per 100,000 in all countries with at least a half million in total population."[10]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Widra, Emily (June 2024). "Appendix 1 - States of Incarceration: The Global Context 2024". Prison Policy Initiative. See tooltips, and scroll past table for detailed sourcing.
  2. ^ US territories. From World Prison Brief. Prisonstudies.org pages: American Samoa. Guam. Northern Mariana Islands. Puerto Rico. Virgin Islands.
  3. ^ Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., & Puzzanchera, C.. "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement". Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Click "National Crosstabs" at the top, and then choose the census years. Click "Show table" to get the total number of juvenile inmates for those years. Or go here for all the years. And here.
  4. ^ a b Walmsley, Roy (30 Jan 2009). World Prison Population List (8th Edition). From World Prison Population Lists. By World Prison Brief. "The information is the latest available in early December 2008. … Most figures relate to dates between the beginning of 2006 and the end of November 2008." According to the summary on page one there were 2.29 million U.S. inmates and 9.8 million inmates worldwide. The U.S. held 23.4% of the world's inmates. The U.S. total in this report is for December 31, 2007 (see page 3), and does not include inmates in juvenile detention facilities.
  5. ^ a b Correctional Populations in the United States, 2016 (NCJ 251211). Published April 2018 by U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). By Danielle Kaeble and Mary Cowhig, BJS statisticians. See PDF. Appendix table 1 on page 11 has rates and counts by state. See page 1 "highlights" section for the "1 in ..." numbers. See table 4 on page 4 for a timeline of nationwide incarceration rates. See appendix table 3 on page 13, for "Persons held in custody in state or federal prisons or in local jails, 2000, 2010, and 2015–2016". That table also has incarceration rates. See appendix table 2 on page 12 for the number or persons incarcerated in territorial prisons, military facilities, and jails in Indian country.
  6. ^ Jacob Kang-Brown, Chase Montagnet, and Jasmine Heiss. People in Jail and Prison in Spring 2021. New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2021.
  7. ^ One in 100: Behind Bars in America 2008. February 28, 2008. The Pew Center on the States.
  8. ^ Liptak, Adam (28 Feb 2008). 1 in 100 U.S. Adults Behind Bars, New Study Says. New York Times.
  9. ^ a b Highest to Lowest. World Prison Brief (WPB). Use dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region, or the whole world. Use menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees / remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See also the WPB main data page and click on the map links and/or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.
  10. ^ a b c Kajstura, Aleks (June 2018). "States of Women's Incarceration: The Global Context 2018". Prison Policy Initiative. See the appendix for a detailed data breakdown.
  11. ^ World Female Imprisonment List (fourth edition). Nov. 9, 2017. World Prison Brief.
  12. ^ a b United States of America. By World Prison Brief.
  13. ^ Correctional Populations in the United States, 2015. By Danielle Kaeble and Lauren Glaze, BJS Statisticians. Dec. 2016. Bureau of Justice Statistics. See PDF. Appendix table 3 on page 15 says there are 1,942,500 male and 202,600 female inmates in prisons and jails. That is 10.4% female.
  14. ^ Canada. World Prison Brief.
  15. ^ United Kingdom: England & Wales. World Prison Brief.
  16. ^ Australia. World Prison Brief.
  17. ^ Spain. World Prison Brief.
  18. ^ France. World Prison Brief.
  19. ^ Germany. World Prison Brief.
  20. ^ Norway. World Prison Brief.
  21. ^ Netherlands. World Prison Brief.
  22. ^ Japan. World Prison Brief.
  23. ^ Alexander, Michelle (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press. p. 7.
  24. ^ a b Correctional Populations in the United States, 2017-2018 (NCJ 252157). Published August 2020 by U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Laura M. Maruschak, Todd D. Minton, BJS statisticians. See PDF. Appendix table 1 on page 11 has rates and counts by state.
  25. ^ Correctional Populations in the United States, 2015. By Danielle Kaeble and Lauren Glaze, BJS Statisticians. Dec. 2016. Bureau of Justice Statistics. See PDF. Appendix table 3 on page 14 has male and female counts and rates by state. It says there are 1,942,500 male and 202,600 female inmates in prisons and jails. That is 10.4% female.
  26. ^ a b Widra, Emily (June 2024). "States of Incarceration: The Global Context 2024". Prison Policy Initiative. Hover over rows for location and rate. Scroll down to methodology section for detailed info on sourcing.
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