Western Sahara, formerly the Spanish colony of Spanish Sahara, is a disputed territory claimed by both the Kingdom of Morocco and the Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro (Polisario Front), which is an independence movement based in Tifariti and Bir Lehlou. The Annexation of Western Sahara by Morocco took place in two stages, in 1976 and 1979, and is considered illegal under international law.
Western Sahara is listed by the United Nations (UN) as a non-decolonized territory and is thus included in the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories, which regards Spain as the de jure administering state. Under international law, Western Sahara is not a legal part of Morocco, and it remains under the international laws of military occupation.[1]
Background
editSince the Madrid Accords of 1975, a part of Western Sahara has been administered by Morocco as the Southern Provinces. Another section, the Liberated Territories, is administered by the Polisario Front as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). Mauritania administers the western half of the Ras Nouadhibou Peninsula. An UN-monitored cease-fire has been in effect since September 1991.
No other country than the United States and Israel has ever recognized Morocco's unilateral annexation of Western Sahara;[2][3] however, certain countries such as the United Kingdom have recognized that Morocco exerts de facto control the region. The UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) treats the status of Western Sahara as 'undetermined' but its lack of reference to the partition and the existence of the Polisario-held areas, suggests a tacit acceptance of Morocco as the administering power in the entire territory.[4] Overall, the annexation has not garnered as much attention in the international community as many other disputed annexations (e.g. the Russian annexation of Crimea).
In order to resolve the sovereignty issue, the UN has attempted to hold a referendum through the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), and is holding direct talks between the Kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front. The UN recognizes neither Moroccan[5] nor SADR sovereignty over Western Sahara.
Moroccan settlers currently make up more than two thirds of the 500,000 inhabitants of Western Sahara.[6] Under international law, Morocco's transfer of its own civilians into occupied territory is in direct violation of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention (cf. Israeli and Turkish settlers).[7]
Positions of the main parties
editKingdom of Morocco
editThe official position of the Kingdom of Morocco since 1963 is that all of Western Sahara is an integral part of the kingdom. The Moroccan government refers to Western Sahara only as "Moroccan Sahara", the "Saharan provinces"[citation needed], or the "Southern Provinces".
According to the Moroccan government, in 1958 the Moroccan Army of Liberation fought Spanish colonizers and almost liberated what was then Spanish Sahara.[citation needed] The fathers of many of the Polisario leaders were among the veterans of the Moroccan Southern Army, for example the father of Polisario leader Mohammed Abdelaziz. Morocco is supported in this view[clarification needed] by a number of former Polisario founders and leaders. The Polisario Front is considered by Morocco to be a Moroccan separatist movement, referring to the Moroccan origins of most of its founding members.
On 22 January 2020, Morocco's House of Representatives voted unanimously to add Western Sahara waters to the Moroccan maritime borders.[8]
Polisario Front and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
editThe Polisario Front, mainly backed by Algeria, is described by itself and its supporters as a national liberation movement that opposes Moroccan control of Western Sahara, whilst it is considered by Morocco and supporters of Morocco's claims over Western Sahara to be a separatist organization. It began as a movement of students who felt torn between the divergent Spanish and Moroccan influences on the country. The original goal of the Polisario, which was to end Spanish colonialism in the region, was achieved, but their neighbors, Morocco and Mauritania, seized sovereignty of the region, which the Polisario felt was entitled to self-determination and eventually independence. The Polisario engaged in guerrilla warfare with the Moroccan and Mauritanian forces. It evacuated the Sahrawi population to the Tindouf refugee camps due to Royal Moroccan Air Force bombing of the refugee camps on Sahrawi land with napalm and white phosphorus.[9][10] The Polisario Front has called for the self-determination of the people of Western Sahara to be decided through a referendum. Although the SADR is not recognized as a state by the UN, the Polisario is considered a direct participant in the conflict and as the legitimate representative of the Sahrawi people, recognized by the United Nations since 1979.[11]
The Polisario Front argues that Morocco's position is due to economic interests (fishing, phosphate mining, and the potential for oil reserves) and political reasons (stability of the king's position and the governing elite in Morocco, deployment of most of the Moroccan Army in Western Sahara instead of in Morocco). The Polisario Front proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in Bir Lehlou (Western Sahara), on 27 February 1976.
Mauritania
editClaims on Western Sahara had proliferated since the 1960s, fueled by Mauritanian President Moktar Ould Daddah. Before Mauritania signed the Madrid Accords and after the withdrawal of the last Spanish forces, in late 1975, the Mauritanian Army invaded the southern part of Western Sahara, while the Moroccan Army did the same in the north.
In April 1976, Mauritania and Morocco partitioned the country into three parts, Mauritania getting the southern one, which was named Tiris al-Gharbiyya. Mauritania waged four years of war against Polisario guerrillas, conducting raids on Nouakchott, attacks on the Zouerate mine train and a coup d'état that deposed Ould Daddah. Mauritania finally withdrew in the summer of 1979, after signing the Algiers Agreement with the Polisario Front, recognizing the right of self-determination for the Sahrawi people, and renouncing any claims on Western Sahara. The Moroccan Army immediately took control of the former Mauritanian territory.
Mauritania recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic on 27 February 1984.
Algeria
editAlgeria has supported the independence of the whole of Western Sahara since 1975, when Spanish forces and settlers withdrew from the area. It is one of the few countries to do so in the Arab League. It has provided aid to the 'Polisario Front'. Algeria's role became indirect, through political and military support for the Polisario Front. Algeria recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic on 6 March 1976. Its involvement in Western Sahara independence movement has interrupted the development of Algerian-Morocco diplomatic relations, which were restored in 1988.[13]
United Nations
editWestern Sahara is on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. The UN has been involved since 1988 in trying to find a solution to the conflict through self-determination. In 1988, the Kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front agreed to settle the dispute through a referendum under the auspices of the UN that would allow the people of Western Sahara to choose between independence or integration with Morocco. In 1991, the parties agreed upon the Settlement Plan, contingent on the referendum being held the following year, but due to disputes over voter qualification, the vote was not held. In the following years, the UN argued for negotiations between Morocco and the Polisario Front to resolve the deadlock, culminating in the Manhasset negotiations in 2007–2008.
As of 2020, the mandate for MINURSO has been extended 47 times[14] and it maintains its presence in the country, but has yet to fulfill its mission by organizing a referendum.
Positions of other states
editThis article needs to be updated.(December 2020) |
Some states are supportive of the "right of self-determination of the Sahrawi people", including the option of autonomy under Moroccan sovereignty.[15] Some states have changed their opinion frequently or have given separate announcements of support for both Morocco and the Polisario Front/SADR (Egypt, Italy, Lesotho, Russia, Rwanda, Yemen, etc.).[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]
Some of the states announcing support of the "right of self-determination" currently recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Not all of the states that have terminated diplomatic relations with or withdrawn recognition of the SADR have announced their support for the Moroccan claims.
The overwhelming majority of United Nations member states have not announced any position.
States supporting Polisario and the SADR on Western Sahara
edit# | State | Notes | International membership | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Algeria | African Union member Arab League member |
[23][24][25] | |
2 | Angola | African Union member | [24][26][27] | |
3 | Belize | [28][29] | ||
4 | Bolivia | [30][24] | ||
5 | Botswana | African Union member | [31][32] | |
6 | Cambodia | ASEAN member | [33][34] | |
7 | Colombia | [35][36] | ||
8 | Cuba | [29][37][38] | ||
9 | East Timor | [23][24][39] | ||
10 | Ecuador | [40][41][42][43] | ||
11 | Ethiopia | African Union member | [44][45][46] | |
12 | Ghana | African Union member | [47][48][49] | |
13 | Honduras | [50][51] | ||
14 | Iran | [52][24] | ||
15 | Kenya | African Union member | [53][54][55][56] | |
16 | Laos | ASEAN member | [57][34] | |
17 | Lesotho | African Union member | [24][58][59] | |
18 | Libya | African Union member Arab League member |
[60][34] | |
19 | Mali | African Union member | [61] | |
20 | Mauritania | African Union member Arab League member |
[62][34] | |
21 | Mauritius | African Union member | [63][64] | |
22 | Mexico | [32][65][43][66] | ||
23 | Mozambique | African Union member | [24][67][68] | |
24 | Namibia | African Union member | [69][70][71][72] | |
25 | Nicaragua | [29][43][73] | ||
26 | Nigeria | African Union member | [65][74] | |
27 | North Korea | [75] | ||
28 | Panama | [43][76][77] | ||
29 | Peru | [78][43][79] | ||
30 | Rwanda | African Union member | [61][80][81] | |
31 | Seychelles | African Union member | [82][83][84] | |
32 | South Africa | African Union member | [23][85][86] | |
— | South Ossetia | State with limited recognition (recognized by 5 UN member states) | [87][88] | |
33 | South Sudan | African Union member | [89][90] | |
34 | Syria | Arab League member | [91][92] | |
35 | Tanzania | African Union member | [93][65][94] | |
36 | Trinidad and Tobago | [93] | ||
37 | Uganda | African Union member | [93][65][95] | |
38 | Uruguay | [32][65][96][97] | ||
39 | Vanuatu | [98][99][100] | ||
40 | Venezuela | [23][101][102] | ||
41 | Vietnam | ASEAN member | [103][104] | |
42 | Zimbabwe | African Union member | [24][105] |
States supporting Morocco's autonomy proposal
editThis section's factual accuracy is disputed. (November 2020) |
Position of United Nations Security Council permanent members
edit- France
France claims neutrality on the Western Sahara issue, despite its military involvement in the Western Sahara War on the side of Morocco and Mauritania (see Operation Lamantin). In 2009[192][193] and 2010,[194][195] France used the threat of its veto power to block the establishment of Human Rights monitoring by the MINURSO in Western Sahara. France has been a major backer of the Moroccan autonomy proposal and in the EU negotiated the concession of the advanced status to Morocco.[196][197]
- United States
The Obama administration disassociated itself from the Moroccan autonomy plan in 2009, however, reversing the Bush-backed support of the Moroccan plan, and returning to a pre-Bush position, wherein the option of an independent Western Sahara is on the table again.[199]
In April 2009, 229 members of the U.S. House of Representatives, a clear majority and more than 50 more than the number who signed the letter[clarification needed] in 2007, called on President Obama to support Morocco's autonomy plan and to assist in drawing the conflict to a close. The signers[clarification needed] included Democratic Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and Republican Minority Leader John Boehner. In addition to acknowledging that Western Sahara has become a recruiting post for radical Islamists, the letter affirmed that the conflict is "the single greatest obstacle impending the security and cooperation necessary to combat" terrorism in the Maghreb.[200] The letter referenced UN Security Council Resolution 1813 (2008), and encouraged President Obama to follow the policy set by President Clinton and followed by President Bush.[200] The congressmen expressed concerns about Western Sahara's viability. They referenced a UN fact-finding mission to Western Sahara which confirmed the State Department's view that the Polisario proposal, which ultimately stands for independence, would lead to a non-viable state.[200] In closing, the letter stated, "We remain convinced that the U.S. position, favoring autonomy for Western Sahara under Moroccan sovereignty is the only feasible solution. We urge you to both sustain this longstanding policy, and to make clear, in both words and actions, that the United States will work to ensure that the UN process continues to support this framework as the only realistic compromise that can bring this unfortunate and longstanding conflict to an end."[200]
Commenting on a 2004 free trade agreement with Morocco, US Trade Representative Robert Zoellick stated in a letter to Congressman Joe Pitts in response to his questioning, "the United States and many other countries do not recognize Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara and have consistently urged the parties to work with the United Nations to resolve the conflict by peaceful means. The Free Trade Agreement will not include Western Sahara."[201][202]
In April 2013, the United States proposed that MINURSO monitored human rights (as all the other UN mission since 1991) in Western Sahara, a move that Morocco strongly opposed, cancelling the annual African Lion military exercises with U.S. Army troops.[203] Also in mid-April, United States Ambassador to Morocco Samuel L. Kaplan declared during a conference in Casablanca that the Moroccan autonomy plan "can't be the only basis in these negotiations", referring to the UN sponsored talks between the Polisario Front and Morocco.[204]
On 10 December 2020, President Donald Trump announced that the United States would officially recognize Morocco's claims over Western Sahara, as a result of Morocco agreeing to normalize relations with Israel.[205] In April 2021, the Biden administration stated that they would not reverse the decision.[206][207] In November 2021, Antony Blinken said that the Biden administration "[continues] to view Morocco’s autonomy plan as serious, credible, and realistic, and one potential approach to satisfy the aspirations of the people of Western Sahara".[208]
States which have not announced any position
editThe following states and entities have not announced any position:
- Americas: Argentina, Bahamas, Chile
- Africa: Eritrea, Tunisia
- Europe: Andorra, Bulgaria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Monaco, San Marino, Liechtenstein, Vatican City, Malta, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Moldova, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Armenia, Switzerland
- Asia: People's Republic of China (UNSC-P5), Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Palestine, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Pakistan, Nepal, Thailand, Singapore, Japan, Mongolia, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines
- Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Tonga, Samoa, Niue, Palau, Micronesia, Marshall Islands
- Others: Abkhazia, Republic of China (Taiwan), Kosovo, Somaliland, Transnistria
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Positions of international organizations
editOrganization | Membership | Position |
---|---|---|
African Union (Formerly OAU) | 22 February 1982 | The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is a fully recognized AU founding member.[209] The African Union supports the right of self-determination of the Sahrawi people.[210] |
Andean Community of Nations | 26 October 2011 (Observer) | The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is an Observer member in the framework of the Andean Parliament.[211][212] |
Arab League | Not a member. | The Arab League supports "the integrity of the Moroccan territorial sovereignty" without specifying a position on a solution to the conflict. |
Arab Maghreb Union | Not a member. | The Arab Maghreb Union has not made a unanimous statement about its position on the conflict between Morocco and the Polisario Front. |
Caribbean Community (CARICOM) | Not a member. | The CARICOM supports the right of the Western Sahara people's to self-determination, consistent with the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations.[213] |
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States | Not a member. | The CELAC supports efforts by all parties to achieve a just, lasting and mutually acceptable political solution that would provide for the right of self-determination for the inhabitants.[29] |
European Union | Not a member. | The EU supports the efforts by the Secretary General of the United Nations and his Personal Envoy to find a just, lasting and mutually acceptable political solution which will allow the self-determination of the people of Western Sahara as provided for in the resolutions of the United Nations.[214][215] |
Non-Aligned Movement | Not a member. | The NAM supports the right of the Western Sahara people's to self-determination, consistent with the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960.[216] |
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation | Not a member. | The OIC supports the achievement of a just, lasting and mutually acceptable political solution that would provide for the self-determination of the people of Western Sahara consistent with relevant resolutions. |
Rio Group | Not a member. | The Rio Group supports the resolutions adopted by the UN to achieve a just, lasting and mutually acceptable solution that leads to the self-determination of the people of Western Sahara, in the context of compatible accords with the principles of the UN charter and the Resolution 1514 (XV) of the General Assembly and other pertinent resolutions.[217][218] |
Union of South American Nations | Not a member. | The UNASUR supports for the achievement of a just, lasting and mutually acceptable political solution that would provide for the self-determination of the people of Western Sahara consistent with relevant resolutions.[29] |
United Nations | Not a member. | The UN does not recognize Moroccan claims, as Western Sahara remains in its list of non-self-governing territories since 1963. The Security Council had argued for direct negotiations between Morocco and the Polisario Front.[219] It had approved more than 100 resolutions supporting the right of Self-determination of the Sahrawi people.[citation needed] |
The SADR is also a member of the Asian-African Strategic Partnership, formed at the 2005 Asian-African Conference, over Moroccan objections to SADR participation.[220]
In 2006, the SADR participated in a conference of the Permanent Conference of Political Parties of the Latin American and the Caribbean.[221]
- African Union
On 22 February 1982, the SADR secured membership in the Organisation of African Unity.[222]
In 1984, Morocco withdrew from the AU's predecessor, the Organization of African Unity (OAU), in protest of the group's recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).[223]
The African Union (formerly the OAU) has given the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic full recognition,[209] and accepted it as a member state (which has led Morocco to leave the union.[224]). Mohamed Abdelaziz, president of the SADR, has been Vice-president of the OUA in 1985, and of the AU in 2002.[citation needed]
In 2016, King Mohammed VI of Morocco declared his country's intention to become a member of the African union. On the same day, twenty-eight African countries or about 52% of the 54 UN recognized member states of the African Union signed a petition to expel the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic from the African Union.[120][225] At the same time, AU Commission Chairwoman Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma reaffirmed the AU's support for Western Sahara's independence.[225]
- European Union
The European Union supports the right of self-determination of the Sahrawi people (the MINURSO UN-sponsored referendum),[226] but does not recognize the Polisario Front.[227] Over practical issues such as fishing in the EEZ the EU deals with Morocco as the country currently exercising "jurisdiction, but not sovereignty" over Western Sahara territory.[228] In addition, members of the EFTA trade bloc have made statements excluding Western Sahara from the Moroccan-EFTA free trade agreement.[229] In December 2016, the European Court of Justice reaffirmed in Council v Front populaire pour la libération de la saguia-el-hamra et du rio de oro (Front Polisario) that Morocco has no basis for sovereignty over Western Sahara[230] and that trade deals with Morocco cannot apply to the occupied territory.[231]
- United Nations
Since 1966, the United Nations request for the celebration of a referendum for enabling the "indigenous population" to exercise freely their right to self-determination.[232] Since 1979, the United Nations has recognized the Polisario Front as the representative of the people of Western Sahara, and considered Morocco as an occupying force.[11]
Former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan stressed, in his last report on Western Sahara, to the Security Council:
- "The Security Council would not be able to invite parties to negotiate about Western Saharan autonomy under Moroccan sovereignty, for such wording would imply recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara, which was out of the question as long as no States Member of the United Nations had recognized that sovereignty".[233]
See also
editNotes
editReferences
edit- ^ Simon, Sven (2014). "Western Sahara". Self-Determination and Secession in International Law. OUP Oxford. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-19-100691-3. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
To sum up the legal status: Western Sahara is not a part of Morocco and Morocco has no legal title or claim to the territory. Since the annexation is illegal, it is null and void, and Morocco is therefore, legally speaking, an occupying power. Morocco has an obligation to respect the right of the people of Western Sahara according to the law of occupation and to end its illegal annexation and occupation of Western Sahara.
- ^ Watch, Western Sahara Resource. "Western Sahara not part of EFTA-Morocco free trade agreement - wsrw.org". www.wsrw.org. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
- ^ "International law allows the recognition of Western Sahara - Stockholm Centre for International Law and Justice". 7 November 2015.
- ^ Keenan, Jeremy (2007). The Sahara: Past, Present and Future. London: Routledge. p. 178. ISBN 9780415411462.
- ^ United Nations Security Council: Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara (S/2006/249) paragraph 37, p. 10
- ^ "Western Sahara's stranded refugees consider renewal of Morocco conflict". The Guardian. 6 January 2015.
- ^ "Mixed Reviews for Morocco as Fourth Committee Hears Petitioners on Western Sahara, Amid Continuing Decolonization Debate". un.org. 10 October 2018.
- ^ "Morocco adds Western Sahara waters to its maritime borders". The Arab Weekly. 26 January 2020.
- ^ Surendra Bhutani, Conflict on Western Sahara, Strategic Analysis, 1754-0054, Volume 2, Issue 7, 1978, Pages 251 – 256.
- ^ Tomás Bárbulo, La historia prohibida del Sáhara Español, Destino, Imago mundi, Volume 21, 2002, Pages 284–285
- ^ a b "Point 7, Res. 34/37 -Question of Western Sahara- 34th General assembly UN, 21-11-1979". Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
- ^ "Morocco PM says Western Sahara wall at centre of dispute completed". Reuters. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- ^ Aslan, Umran (2017). Perspectives of Tourism Development in Algeria. GRIN Verlag. p. 14. ISBN 9783668555648.
- ^ "Security Council Resolutions and Statements". MINURSO. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ "Western Sahara 'Last Decolonization Process in Africa', Fourth Committee Told, As Unresolved Territorial Disputes, Including Gibraltar, Dominate Agenda". UN.
- ^ Khakee, Anna. "The Western Saharan autonomy proposal and political reform in Morocco".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Egypt denies plans to join states opening Western Sahara consulates". Al-Monitor. 29 December 2020.
- ^ "Italy Welcomes Morocco's Serious, Credible Efforts On Moroccan Sahara". The News Agency (TNA).
- ^ "Makgothi In Hot Water Over Morocco Stance". Lesotho Times. 4 November 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ "Russia condemns US recognition of Morocco's claim to Western Sahara". AL ARABIYA. 11 December 2020.
- ^ "Rwanda, Morocco Agree to Expedite Bilateral Agreements". AllAfrica. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
- ^ "Bahrain Yemen reiterate support for Morocco 's territorial integrity". World News LLC.
- ^ a b c d "Decolonization Debate Concludes in Fourth Committee, as Delegations on Both Sides of Key Territorial Disputes Urge Their Resolution". United Nations Department of Public Information. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Special Committee on Decolonization Approves 3 Draft Resolutions, Elects Rapporteur, as It Opens Substantive 2021 Session". United Nations Department of Public Information. 14 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Holleis, Jennifer (5 November 2021). "Morocco-Algeria relations: What is fueling the current tensions?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ "Angola reafirma compromisso de apoiar causa do Sahara Ocidental" (in Portuguese). ANGOP. 15 July 2010. Archived from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- ^ "Angola apoia a paz no Sahara Ocidental" (in Portuguese). Jornal de Angola. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Immigration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "Decolonization Process at 'Virtual Halt', Fourth Committee Told as Annual Debate Opens, with Troubling Information Deficit in Non-Self-Governing Territories". United Nations Department of Public Information. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
- ^ "El Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia fortalece relaciones diplomáticas con la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática". Bolivia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 16 September 2021.
- ^ "Masisi reiterates support for Sahrawi people struggle". Sunday Standard. 25 September 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ a b c "Fourth committee opens session with debate on decolonization, as speakers seek to balance support for shared goal with divergent views on how to get there". United Nations Department of Public Information. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ "List of member states of the United Nations (193) having diplomatic relations with Cambodia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ a b c d Visoka, Gëzim; Doyle, John; Newman, Edward (12 September 2019). Routledge Handbook of State Recognition. Taylor & Francis. p. 386. ISBN 978-1032177274.
- ^ "Comunicado de prensa" (in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs — Colombia. 10 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
- ^ "Colombia restablece las relaciones diplomáticas con la República Saharaui" [Colombia re-establishes diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Republic] (in Spanish). EFE. 11 August 2022. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
- ^ "Statement by Ambassador Pedro Núñez Mosquera, permanent representative of Cuba, at the general debate of the special political and decolonization committee (fourth committee). Agenda items 55–59". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba. 4 October 2010. Archived from the original on 21 December 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
- ^ "Declaración del Director General de Asuntos Bilaterales de la Cancillería cubana, Emilio Lozada García". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba. 21 November 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Afonso do Rosário E (11 June 2021). "New Ambassador of the Saharawi Arab Republic presents credential letter to President of Timor Leste". Timor-Leste News Agency. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Christian Reyes H. (26 April 2012). "Ricardo Patiño se reúne con embajador de la República Árabe Saharaui" (in Spanish). Radio Sucre. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
- ^ "La Embajada Saharaui en Ecuador suscribe un Memorando de Cooperación con la Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana" (in Spanish). Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana. 23 September 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2022.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "DEFENSORÍA DEL PUEBLO CONMEMORÓ LOS 34 AÑOS DE RELACIONES DE AMISTAD ENTRE PUEBLO ECUATORIANO Y PUEBLO SAHARAUI" (in Spanish). Defensoría del Pueblo de Ecuador. 22 November 2017. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "Sahara occidental : le Pérou reprend langue avec la République arabe sahraouie après 25 ans" (in French). TV5Monde. 10 September 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2022. [Peru joins eight other countries in the Latin American and Caribbean zone that have in turn recognized the independence organization: Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela and Uruguay.]
- ^ "Bilateral - Ethiopia-Algeria Relations". Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia – Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ "Statement by Yoseph Kassaye, Representative of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia at the General Debate of the Fourth Committee of the 76th Session of United Nations General Assembly of the United Nations" (PDF). United Nations Department of Public Information. October 2021. p. 2. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
Ethiopia supports the inalienable right of the people of Western Sahara to self-determination.
- ^ "Ethiopia, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Discuss Issues Of Common Concerns". Fana Broadcasting Corporate. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ^ "QUESTIONS OF GIBRALTAR, GUAM, WESTERN SAHARA DISCUSSED IN SPECIAL POLITICAL AND DECOLONIZATION COMMITTEE". United Nations Department of Public Information. 27 September 2000. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Lulie, Hallelujah (26 April 2016). "The word that reignited the Western Sahara debate". Institute for Security Studies. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
A number of other key states of the AU, including South Africa, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Kenya and Ghana also support the referendum.
- ^ "Embassy of Ghana in Algiers, Algeria". Ghana - Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Regional Integration. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ "Declaración de Gerardo Torres, Vicecanciller de la República de Honduras en ocasión de su visita a la República Sahraui democrática los días 11 y 12 de Febrero 2022" (in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Honduras. 12 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022. [The Republic of Honduras recognized the Saharawi Republic in November 1989.]
- ^ "Vicecanciller Gerardo Torres inicia gira por el norte de África" (in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Honduras. 11 February 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022. [Torres Zelaya will meet with the authorities of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) recognized by Honduras since 1989 and whose installation of an embassy in the country was interrupted by the 2009 coup d'état.][permanent dead link]
- ^ Zaireg, Reda (11 May 2018). "The truth behind Morocco's diplomatic crisis with Iran". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ "Kenya backs Saharawi self-determination". The EastAfrican. 5 December 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Karuga wa Njuguna (12 February 2014). "Sahrawi Embassy opens in Nairobi". The Star. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ "Kenya risks diplomatic spat with Morocco on backing of neighbour". Business Daily. 5 December 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
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وجدد معاليه التأكيد على حرص المملكة بالوقوف إلى جانب الشعب السوداني الشقيق، ومواصلة سعيها لإيجاد حل سياسي للأزمة لاستعادة الأمن والاستقرار في السودان، كما أكد دعم المملكة الكامل لأمن واستقرار المملكة المغربية ووحدة أراضيها، مشيداً بقرار مجلس الأمن (2654) الصادر بتاريخ 27 أكتوبر 2022م بشأن الصحراء المغربية، ودعمها للجهود التي يبذلها الأمين العام للأمم المتحدة ومبعوثه الشخصي الهادفة إلى تيسير استئناف العملية السياسية والتوصل إلى حل سياسي واقعي ومبني على التوافق بشأن النزاع الإقليمي حول الصحراء المغربية، وتدعم مخطط الحكم الذاتي الذي قدمه المغرب كمبادرة بناءة.
[His Excellency reiterated the Kingdom’s keenness to stand by the brotherly Sudanese people, and to continue its endeavor to find a political solution to the crisis to restore security and stability in Sudan. He also affirmed the Kingdom’s full support for the security and stability of the Kingdom of Morocco and its territorial integrity, praising Security Council Resolution (2654) issued on October 27, 2022 regarding The Moroccan Sahara, and its support for the efforts made by the Secretary-General of the United Nations and his Personal Envoy aimed at facilitating the resumption of the political process and reaching a realistic and consensus-based political solution to the regional dispute over the Moroccan Sahara, and supports the autonomy plan presented by Morocco as a constructive initiative.] - ^ "Senegal opens consulate in Dakhla, signs agreements with Morocco". The Arab Weekly. 5 April 2021.
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Bibliography
edit- Hodges, Tony. Western Sahara: Roots of a Desert War, Lawrence Hill & Company, 1983, ISBN 0-88208-152-7, p. 308
- Hodges, Tony, and Pazzanita, Anthony. Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara, 2 ed., Scarecrow Press, 1994, ISBN 0-8108-2661-5, pp. 378–379.
External links
editTables of states recognizing the SADR
edit- World Statesmen
- Western Sahara On-line
- The SADR (in Spanish)
- Lasonet.com (in Spanish)
- Friends of the Sahara (in Spanish)
- The Association for a Free and Fair Referendum in Western Sahara