Energy in Uruguay describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Uruguay. As part of climate mitigation measures and an energy transformation, Uruguay has converted over 98% of its electrical grid to sustainable energy sources (primarily solar, wind, and hydro).[1] Fossil fuels are primarily imported into Uruguay for transportation, industrial uses and applications like domestic cooking. Four hydroelectric dams provide much of the country's energy supply.
Overview
editHistorically, energy has been a stronghold of state-owned companies, such as UTE and ANCAP. The National Directorate of Energy (Spanish: Dirección Nacional de Energía) is the main governmental body in charge of energy policies.[2]
The Global Economic Crisis of 2008 made many of the materials to produce renewable energy cheaper, therefore Uruguay decided it would be the best time to develop their clean energy sector, heavily investing in 2011 and 2012. This has helped increase the country's output immediately.[3] These projects are all developed by the Uruguayan Energy Policies of 2005-2030.[4]
Uruguay's renewable energies provide over 94.5% of the country’s electricity and 55% of the country's total energy mix.[5]
Electricity
editThe electricity sector of Uruguay has traditionally been based on domestic hydropower along with thermal power plants, and reliant on imports from Argentina and Brazil at times of peak demand. Over the last 10 years, investments in renewable energy sources such as wind power and solar power allowed the country to cover in early 2016 94.5% of its electricity needs with renewable energy sources.[6]
Hydropower provides a large percentage of installed production capacity in Uruguay, almost all of it produced by four hydroelectric facilities, three on the Rio Negro and one, the Salto Grande dam shared with Argentina, on the Uruguay River. The production from these hydropower sources is dependent on seasonal rainfall patterns, but under normal hydrological conditions, can supply off-peak domestic demand.
Thermal power from petroleum fired power plants, activated during peak demand, used to provide the remaining installed production capacity. Generation from fossil fuel decreased substantially in recent years, with renewables accounting for 94.5% of electricity generation in 2015.[7] Thermal power from biomass also provides additional power generation capacity.
The shift to renewable energy sources in recent years has been achieved thanks to modernization efforts, based on legal and regulatory reforms in 1997, 2002, and 2006, which have led to large new investments in electrical production capacity including from the private sector. Purchasing agreement offered by the government in the final reform in 2006 incentivized a rapid growth of sustainable energy capacity in the country.[8] Wind power capacity has gone from negligible in 2012 to 10% of installed capacity by 2014. A new, highly efficient combined cycle power plant which can run on either gas or oil has been installed[9].[citation needed] A number of photovoltaic solar power plants have been built.
Additionally, a new electrical grid interconnection has improved the ability to import or export electricity with Brazil.[citation needed]Nuclear
editThis article needs to be updated. The reason given is: the energy crisis and nuclear energy debate has finished due to have been deployed along the country sources of renewable energies like wind turbines and solar photovoltaics technologies. (September 2017) |
The use of nuclear energy in Uruguay is prohibited by law 16.832 of 1997.[10] Despite this, the country has several institutions that regulate its use, such as the Center for Nuclear Research (Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares) or the National Regulation Authority on Radiological Protection (Autoridad Reguladora Nacional en Radioprotección).
Furthermore, for several years Uruguay had a small nuclear reactor for research and personnel training. It was brought from the United States in 1964 and began to work in the building of the Center for Nuclear Research in Malvin Norte in 1978.[11] It was turned off because of the detection of corrosion in 1985 and all nuclear fuel was removed. A year later, the Chernobyl and Goiânia nuclear accidents occurred. This influenced public opinion, and in 1988 —during the first presidency of Julio Maria Sanguinetti— a cooperation agreement of nuclear energy between Uruguay and Canada was signed, in which they planned the construction of a nuclear plant in the city of Paso de los Toros.[12] The announcement caused a social unrest and it was decided to open a debate on nuclear energy.[12] As a result, the Parliament did not ratify the agreement, and they passed the aforementioned law prohibiting nuclear energy in the country.[12]
The energy crisis in Uruguay in 2007 led to Uruguay reopening the nuclear debate under the presidency of Tabaré Vázquez, when the Executive Branch established a multiparty committee devoted to the study of the use of nuclear energy to generate electricity and the installation of a nuclear power plant.[13] The Fukushima accident stimulated the discussions of different scopes, especially political and social. In July 2011 the government announced that Uruguay was soon to enter Phase 1 of an evaluation of nuclear energy,[a] providing 10 million Uruguayan pesos from the national budget to hire specialist advisers, consulting the population and reviewing the human resources and technology available.Renewables
editThe electricity sector of Uruguay has traditionally been based on domestic hydropower along with thermal power plants, and reliant on imports from Argentina and Brazil at times of peak demand. Over the last 10 years, investments in renewable energy sources such as wind power and solar power allowed the country to cover in early 2016 94.5% of its electricity needs with renewable energy sources.[16]
Hydropower provides a large percentage of installed production capacity in Uruguay, almost all of it produced by four hydroelectric facilities, three on the Rio Negro and one, the Salto Grande dam shared with Argentina, on the Uruguay River. The production from these hydropower sources is dependent on seasonal rainfall patterns, but under normal hydrological conditions, can supply off-peak domestic demand.
Thermal power from petroleum fired power plants, activated during peak demand, used to provide the remaining installed production capacity. Generation from fossil fuel decreased substantially in recent years, with renewables accounting for 94.5% of electricity generation in 2015.[17] Thermal power from biomass also provides additional power generation capacity.
The shift to renewable energy sources in recent years has been achieved thanks to modernization efforts, based on legal and regulatory reforms in 1997, 2002, and 2006, which have led to large new investments in electrical production capacity including from the private sector. Purchasing agreement offered by the government in the final reform in 2006 incentivized a rapid growth of sustainable energy capacity in the country.[18] Wind power capacity has gone from negligible in 2012 to 10% of installed capacity by 2014. A new, highly efficient combined cycle power plant which can run on either gas or oil has been installed[19].[citation needed] A number of photovoltaic solar power plants have been built.
Additionally, a new electrical grid interconnection has improved the ability to import or export electricity with Brazil.[citation needed]Fossil fuel use
editFossil fuels are largely imported into Uruguay for transportation and industrial uses. The high import costs, and the rapid transition to renewables on the electricity grid has increasingly made fossil fuels less important.
Petroleum
editFossil gas
editThis section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2022) |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Phase 1 consists on study on the basis of international workshops and statutes, of the different processes and needs. Only at the end of this technical stage is when the country can formally say whether made the decision to start the nuclear path.[14][15]
Phase 2 is the construction of the structure needed to solidify the control unit that is responsible for the safety aspect, building the legal and constitutional framework, begin forming human resources and appropriate technology study. This phase ends with the definition of the facility to be installed in the country and its technology.[14][15]
Phase 3 is the purchase of technology, and international negotiations to know what providers would perform with the waste generated by the industry, culminating in the construction of the plant.[14][15]
Phase 4 is the beginning of the operation itself of the plant.[15]
References
edit- ^ "Uruguay - Renewable Energy Equipment".
- ^ DNE (in Spanish)
- ^ "Uruguay apuesta a la energía solar a bajo costo ayudado por la crisis".
- ^ "Cómo Uruguay logró ser el país con mayor porcentaje de energía eólica de América Latina". 14 March 2016.
- ^ "Uruguay makes dramatic shift to nearly 95% electricity from clean energy". The Guardian. 3 December 2015.
- ^ Watts, Jonathan (2015-12-03). "Uruguay makes dramatic shift to nearly 95% electricity from clean energy". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
- ^ Watts, Jonathan (3 December 2015). "Uruguay makes dramatic shift to nearly 95% electricity from clean energy". the Guardian. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
- ^ Shannon, Noah Gallagher (2022-10-05). "What Does Sustainable Living Look Like? Maybe Like Uruguay". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
- ^ "UTE inauguró planta de ciclo combinado Punta del Tigre B, la mayor inversión de una empresa pública en 40 años".
- ^ "Law 16.832: Actualización del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional y creación de la Unidad Reguladora de la Energía" (in Spanish). Parliament of Uruguay. June 27, 1997. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
- ^ "Uruguay campeón nuclear en 2017". Qué Pasa (in Spanish). El País. November 4, 2006. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
- ^ a b c Honty, Gerardo (July 2011). "Energía nuclear en América Latina: el día después" (PDF). Nueva Sociedad (in Spanish) (234): 39. ISSN 0251-3552. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-29. Retrieved 2014-05-02.
- ^ Arguello, Irma (2010). "Nuclear Energy in Latin America: Between Economic Development and Proliferation Risks". Security Index: A Russian Journal on International Security. 16 (4): 76. doi:10.1080/19934270.2010.525889. ISSN 2151-7495.
- ^ a b c International Atomic Energy Agency (September 2007). MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE FOR NUCLEAR POWER (PDF). ISBN 978-92-0-107707-3. ISSN 1995-7807.
- ^ a b c d "Energía nuclear en Uruguay, entre la seriedad y la fantasía" (in Spanish). UyPress. March 15, 2010. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
- ^ Watts, Jonathan (2015-12-03). "Uruguay makes dramatic shift to nearly 95% electricity from clean energy". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
- ^ Watts, Jonathan (3 December 2015). "Uruguay makes dramatic shift to nearly 95% electricity from clean energy". the Guardian. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
- ^ Shannon, Noah Gallagher (2022-10-05). "What Does Sustainable Living Look Like? Maybe Like Uruguay". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
- ^ "UTE inauguró planta de ciclo combinado Punta del Tigre B, la mayor inversión de una empresa pública en 40 años".