Aquilegia vulgaris is a species of columbine native to Europe with common names that include: European columbine, common columbine, granny's nightcap, and granny's bonnet. It is a flowering herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1.2 m tall, with branched, thinly hairy stems. The leaves are biternate; each leaf has three groups of three leaflets. The flowers, in various shades of purple, blue, pink and white, are pendent or horizontal with strongly hooked spurs, and appear in early summer.[2]
| Aquilegia vulgaris | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Genus: | Aquilegia |
| Species: | A. vulgaris
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| Binomial name | |
| Aquilegia vulgaris | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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List
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The Latin specific epithet vulgaris means "common".[3]
Distribution
editThe species is native to Albania, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Central European Rus, Corse, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Northwest European Region, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sicilia, Spain, Switzerland, Yugoslavia. It has been introduced to many other areas including parts of North and South America, and other parts of Europe and north eastern Asia.[1]
Cultivation
editThis species and various hybrids derived from it are popular garden flowers, available in a variety of single colours and bi-colours, in single and double forms. Though perennial, cultivars may be short-lived and thus best treated as biennials. Spent flower-heads should be removed to prevent the plant going to seed. Cultivars include the Barlow series ('Nora Barlow', 'Black Barlow', 'Rose Barlow', 'Christa Barlow'), 'Pretty Bonnets'. Seeds may be sold as mixtures. The white flowering cultivar 'Nivea' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[4]
Pests and diseases
editFolklore
editIn traditional herbalism columbine was considered sacred to Venus; carrying a posy of it was said to arouse the affections of a loved one. Nicholas Culpeper recommended the seeds taken in wine to speed the process of childbirth. In modern herbal medicine it is used as an astringent and diuretic.[5]
Toxicity
editLike many other members of the Ranunculaceae, all parts of the plant contain toxic alkaloids and are poisonous raw, although the flowers are edible in small quantities. The seeds and root are particularly toxic. The leaves may be detoxified by thorough boiling in multiple changes of water.[6][7]
The acute toxicity test in mice showed that ethanol extract and the main flavonoid compound isocytisoside from the leaves and stems of Aquilegia vulgaris can be classified as nontoxic since a dose of 3000 mg/kg did not cause mortality in mice.[8]
Gallery
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Plants growing in a meadow -
Close-up of flowers -
Style and stamen under the microscope
References
edit- ^ a b "Aquilegia vulgaris L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
- ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
- ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Aquilegia vulgaris 'Nivea'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
- ^ Howard, Michael. Traditional Herbal Remedies (Century, 1987), p.124
- ^ Ivo Pauwels; Gerty Christoffels, Ivo Pauwels (2006). Herbs. Struik. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-77007-447-7. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
- ^ https://www.wildfooduk.com/wild-plants/columbine/ Retrieved 24 June 2024
- ^ Adamska T. Mlynarczyk W. Jodynis-Liebert J. Bylka W. Matlawska I "Hepatoprotective effect of the extract and isocytisoside from Aquilegia vulgaris" Phytotherapy Research 2003 Jun;17(6):691-6.