Aquilegia vulgaris

(Redirected from Common Columbine)

Aquilegia vulgaris is a species of columbine native to Europe with common names that include: European columbine, common columbine, granny's nightcap, and granny's bonnet. It is a flowering herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1.2 m tall, with branched, thinly hairy stems. The leaves are biternate; each leaf has three groups of three leaflets. The flowers, in various shades of purple, blue, pink and white, are pendent or horizontal with strongly hooked spurs, and appear in early summer.[2]

Aquilegia vulgaris
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Aquilegia
Species:
A. vulgaris
Binomial name
Aquilegia vulgaris
Synonyms[1]
List
    • Aquilegia alba Huftelen
    • Aquilegia arbascensis Timb.-Lagr.
    • Aquilegia collina Jord.
    • Aquilegia corniculata Vill.
    • Aquilegia cornuta Gilib.
    • Aquilegia cyclophylla Jeanb. & Timb.-Lagr.
    • Aquilegia ebneri Zimmeter
    • Aquilegia ecalcarata Steud.
    • Aquilegia eynensis Brühl
    • Aquilegia glaucescens Baker
    • Aquilegia glaucophylla Steud.
    • Aquilegia inversa Mill.
    • Aquilegia mollis Jeanb. ex Timb.-Lagr.
    • Aquilegia nemoralis Jord.
    • Aquilegia platysepala Rchb.
    • Aquilegia plena Steud.
    • Aquilegia praecox Jord.
    • Aquilegia recticornu Brühl
    • Aquilegia ruscinonensis Timb.-Lagr. & Jeanb.
    • Aquilegia silvestris Neck.
    • Aquilegia speciosa Timb.-Lagr.
    • Aquilegia stellata Steud.
    • Aquilegia subalpina Boreau
    • Aquilegia sylvestris Schur
    • Aquilegia versicolor Salisb.
    • Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. subalpina (Boreau) B.Bock
    • Aquilegia winterbottomiana Brühl
    • Aquilina vulgaris (L.) Bubani
Aquilegia vulgaris - MHNT

The Latin specific epithet vulgaris means "common".[3]

Distribution

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The species is native to Albania, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Central European Rus, Corse, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Northwest European Region, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sicilia, Spain, Switzerland, Yugoslavia. It has been introduced to many other areas including parts of North and South America, and other parts of Europe and north eastern Asia.[1]

Cultivation

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This species and various hybrids derived from it are popular garden flowers, available in a variety of single colours and bi-colours, in single and double forms. Though perennial, cultivars may be short-lived and thus best treated as biennials. Spent flower-heads should be removed to prevent the plant going to seed. Cultivars include the Barlow series ('Nora Barlow', 'Black Barlow', 'Rose Barlow', 'Christa Barlow'), 'Pretty Bonnets'. Seeds may be sold as mixtures. The white flowering cultivar 'Nivea' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[4]

 
A. vulgaris 'Nora Barlow'

Pests and diseases

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Aphids and sawfly larvae may attack the plant.

Folklore

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In traditional herbalism columbine was considered sacred to Venus; carrying a posy of it was said to arouse the affections of a loved one. Nicholas Culpeper recommended the seeds taken in wine to speed the process of childbirth. In modern herbal medicine it is used as an astringent and diuretic.[5]

Toxicity

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Like many other members of the Ranunculaceae, all parts of the plant contain toxic alkaloids and are poisonous raw, although the flowers are edible in small quantities. The seeds and root are particularly toxic. The leaves may be detoxified by thorough boiling in multiple changes of water.[6][7]

The acute toxicity test in mice showed that ethanol extract and the main flavonoid compound isocytisoside from the leaves and stems of Aquilegia vulgaris can be classified as nontoxic since a dose of 3000 mg/kg did not cause mortality in mice.[8]

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Aquilegia vulgaris L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  2. ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
  3. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
  4. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Aquilegia vulgaris 'Nivea'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  5. ^ Howard, Michael. Traditional Herbal Remedies (Century, 1987), p.124
  6. ^ Ivo Pauwels; Gerty Christoffels, Ivo Pauwels (2006). Herbs. Struik. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-77007-447-7. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  7. ^ https://www.wildfooduk.com/wild-plants/columbine/ Retrieved 24 June 2024
  8. ^ Adamska T. Mlynarczyk W. Jodynis-Liebert J. Bylka W. Matlawska I "Hepatoprotective effect of the extract and isocytisoside from Aquilegia vulgaris" Phytotherapy Research 2003 Jun;17(6):691-6.