Bajjika is an Indo-Aryan language variety spoken in parts of Bihar, India and in Nepal.[1]
| Bajjika | |
|---|---|
| बज्जिका | |
 The word "Bajjika" written in Devanagari script | |
| Native to | India and Nepal |
| Region | Bihar of India and Terai (Madhesh Province) of Nepal |
Native speakers | c. 20 million (2013 estimate) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | vjk |
| Glottolog | bajj1234 |
Territory and speakers
editBajjika language is spoken in the north-western part of Bihar, in a region popularly known as Tirhut.[2] It is mainly spoken in the Sitamarhi, Sheohar Muzaffarpur and Vaishali districts of Bihar.[3] A 2013 estimate based on 2001 census data suggests that there were 20 million Bajjika speakers in Bihar.[4]
Bajjika is also spoken by a major population in Nepal, where it has 1,133,764 speakers according to the country's 2021 census. It is the most spoken language in Rautahat, Sarlahi and Mahottari district of Madhesh Province.[5] [6]
Relationship to Maithili
editBajjika has been classified as a dialect of Maithili.[7][8][9] Whether Bajjika is classified as a dialect of Maithili depends on whether 'Maithili' is understood as the term for the specific standard Maithili dialect spoken in northern Bihar, or as the name for the whole language as the group of all related dialects together. When the proponents of the Maithili language in Bihar demanded the use of Maithili-medium primary education in the early 20th century, the Angika and Bajjika-speaking people did not support them, and instead favoured Hindi-medium education.[10] The discussions around Bajjika's status as a minority language emerged in the 1950s.[3] In the 1960s and the 1970s, when the Maithili speakers demanded a separate Mithila state, the Angika and Bajjika speakers made counter-demands for recognition of their languages.[11]
Maithili proponents believe that the Government of Bihar and the pro-Hindi Bihar Rashtrabhasha Parishad promoted Angika and Bajjika as distinct languages to weaken the Maithili language movement. [10] People from mainly Maithil Brahmins and Karan Kayasthas castes supported the Maithili movement in the days when it was to be subsumed as a dialect of Hindi, hence anti-Maithili factions branded the Maithili Language as a Brahminical language while inciting various other castes in the Mithila region to project Angika and Bajjika as their mother tongues, attempting to break away from the Maithili-based regional identity.[12] According to linguist Pandit Rahul Sankrityayan, Bajjika and Maithili are two different dialects.[13][14]
Academy
editIn a move aimed at protecting indigenous language and culture, the Bihar government has decided to set up two new academies to promote local dialects; Surjapuri and Bajjika, spoken in politically influential Seemanchal and Bajjikanchal regions of the state.[15]
Films in Bajjika
editLakshmi Elthin Hammar Angna (2009) was the first formal feature film in Bajjika. Sajan Aiha Doli le ke came after that.[16]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (2017-09-25). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-026128-8.
- ^ Singh, Pradhuman (2021-01-19). Bihar General Knowledge Digest: Bestseller Book by Pradhuman Singh: Bihar General Knowledge Digest. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5266-769-7.
- ^ a b Abhishek Kashyap 2014, p. 1.
- ^ Abhishek Kashyap 2014, pp. 1–2.
- ^ "2021 Nepal Census, Social Characteristics Tables" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
- ^ Abhishek Kashyap 2014, p. 2.
- ^ Ethnologue
- ^ "LSI Vol-5 part-2". dsal. p. 106.
- ^ "LSI Vol-5 part-2". dsal. p. 14.
Western Maithili
- ^ a b Mithilesh Kumar Jha 2017, p. 163.
- ^ Kathleen Kuiper 2010, p. 57.
- ^ Manish Kumar Thakur 2002, p. 208.
- ^ Kalpanā (in Hindi). Bhāgīratha Śarmā. 1972.
- ^ Śarmā, Śrīnivāsa (1974). Samakālīna ālocanā ke pratimāna (in Hindi). Maṇimaya Prakāśana.
- ^ Outlook https://www.google.com/s/www.outlookindia.com/national/bihar-to-get-two-new-academies-to-promote-surjapuri-bajjika-dialects-news-225746/amp.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Bhojpuri artist to make first Bajjika film". The Times of India. 17 August 2009. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013.
Bibliography
edit- Abhishek Kashyap (2014). "On the linguistic resources of Bajjika". In Vibha Chauhan (ed.). The People's Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. 6: The Languages of Bihar. Orient Blackswan.
- Abhishek Kumar Kashyap (2016). "The representation of gender in Bajjika grammar and discourse". In Julie Abbou; Fabienne H. Baider (eds.). Gender, Language and the Periphery: Grammatical and social gender from the margins. John Benjamins. ISBN 978-90-272-6683-5.
- Kathleen Kuiper, ed. (2010). The Culture of India. Rosen. ISBN 978-1-61530-149-2.
- Manish Kumar Thakur (2002). "The politics of minority languages: Some reflections on the Maithili language movement" (PDF). Journal of Social and Economic Development. 4 (2): 199–212.
- Mithilesh Kumar Jha (2017). Language Politics and Public Sphere in North India: Making of the Maithili Movement. Oxford University Press India. ISBN 978-0-19-909172-0.
Further reading
edit- Kashyap, Abhishek Kumar. 2014. The Bajjika language and speech community. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 227: 209–224.
- Kashyap, Abhishek Kumar. 2012. The pragmatic principles of agreement in Bajjika verb. Journal of Pragmatics 44: 1668–1687.
External links
edit- http://www.bajjika.in Archived 2020-11-02 at the Wayback Machine Official Website of Bajjika Vikash Manch