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2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election

(Redirected from 2008 Ukrainian parliamentary election)

Parliamentary elections were held in Ukraine on 28 October 2012.[2] Because of various reasons, including the "impossibility of announcing election results" various by-elections have taken place since.[3][4][5][6] Hence, several constituencies have been left unrepresented at various times.[3][7][8][9]

2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election
← 2007 28 October 2012 2014 →
All 450 seats to the Verkhovna Rada
226 seats needed for a majority
Turnout57.43% (Decrease 4.60 pp)
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Mykola Azarov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Vitali Klitschko
Party Party of Regions Batkivshchyna UDAR
Leader since 23 April 2010 23 April 2012[1] 24 April 2010
Leader's seat Party list Party list Party list
Last election 175 seats, 34.94% 156 seats, 31.23% New
Seats won 185 101 40
Seat change Increase 10 Decrease 55 New
Popular vote 6,116,746 5,209,090 2,847,979
Percentage 30.00% (PR) 25.55% (PR) 13.97% (PR)
Swing Decrease 4.94% Decrease 5.68% New
  Fourth party Fifth party
 
Leader Oleh Tyahnybok Petro Symonenko
Party Svoboda KPU
Leader since 14 February 2004 19 June 1993
Leader's seat Party list Party list
Last election 0 seats, 0.78% 27 seats, 5.48%
Seats won 37 32
Seat change Increase 37 Increase 5
Popular vote 2,129,933 2,687,269
Percentage 10.45% (PR) 13.18% (PR)
Swing Increase 9.67% Increase 7.70%
Prime Minister before election

Mykola Azarov
Party of Regions

Elected Prime Minister

Mykola Azarov
Party of Regions

Unlike the two previous elections, this election used a parallel voting system, with half the seats elected by party-list proportional representation using a 5% election threshold and the other half by first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies,[10] with alliances no longer allowed.[11] The parallel voting system was used previously in 1998 and 2002.[12]

The election campaign was limited to 90 days.[10] Every citizen of Ukraine 18 years of age or older[13] was able to vote in 33,540 polling stations in Ukraine and 116 foreign polling stations in 77 countries.[14][15]

The Party of Regions won the largest number of seats while Fatherland (with several parties together as an "umbrella" party) came second.[16] The election was also noted for the rise of the far-right party Svoboda, which came in fourth.[16] The new (on the national scene) party UDAR also enjoyed noticeable great success with its third place in the election.[16] The far-left Communist Party of Ukraine almost tripled its numbers of voters but because of the mixed election system used in the election it only won five more seats compared with the previous election.[16] Because of this mixed system three small parties and 43 unaffiliated politicians also made it into parliament.[16]

The new parliament was appointed and started its tasks on 12 December 2012 – six weeks after the elections.[17][18] This was the last national Ukrainian election Crimea participated in before the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014.

Background

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See also: Elections in Ukraine

Political crises and cancelled 2008 snap elections

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Main article: 2008 Ukrainian political crisis

On 8 October 2008 Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko tried to dissolve the Verkhovna Rada (parliament) and called early parliamentary elections in Ukraine for the second time in as many years[19] for 7 December 2008.[20][21][22][23] The right of the President to dismiss the parliament was challenged in Ukraine's Constitutional Court. The President's decree has since lapsed as it was never put into action[24] (the coalition supporting the second Tymoshenko Government was extended) and appeals to Ukraine's Constitutional Court were withdrawn. Nevertheless, a snap election was predicted by Ukrainian politicians during the 2010 presidential election and after the dismissal of the second Tymoshenko Government.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] One of the arguments against holding early elections were the costs.[39] Early elections were (in October 2008) estimated to cost approximately ₴417 million[40] (about EUR€60 million or US$80 million).[41]

2012 election date set

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On 1 February 2011 the Verkhovna Rada set the election date for 28 October 2012.[2][42] Several deputies whose votes were registered that day have stated they could not have taken part in voting because they were not in Kyiv (where the Verkhovna Rada building is located) on 1 February 2011.[42][43] Voting by MPs in the place of absent MPs of the Verkhovna Rada is prohibited by law.[42] On 27 July 2012 the Central Election Commission of Ukraine announced that campaigning for the elections would commence on July 30.[44]

Changes in the voting system

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Number of single-mandate constituencies per oblast compared with year 2002.
 
Map of single-mandate okruhy (districts) in elections.

In June 2011 the Venice Commission reviewed a proposed Draft Law on the election of Ukrainian parliamentary members.[45] The proposal sought to re-instate a parallel voting system – used in the 1998 and 2002 elections[46] – with the establishment of 225 local single-member districts elected (in one round)[47] by a first-past-the-post electoral system (candidate with the highest vote total wins); and the remaining 225 parliamentary seats being elected nationwide on a proportional party-list system[45] with a 5% support threshold; and excluding political blocs from all elections.[48] The option "Vote against all" was also made defunct in the proposal[48][49] (according to a November 2012 opinion poll by Research & Branding Group (otherwise) 17% of the voters would have voted "against everybody" during the elections).[50] The opposition and Ukrainian analysts accused the Party of Regions of "rewriting the law so that the president could secure a majority in the next Verkhovna Rada."[49][51] In October 2011 the Venice Commission recommended Ukraine should not return to a mixed election system.[52] Nevertheless, on 17 November 2011 the Ukrainian Parliament approved an election law almost identical to the June 2011 proposed Draft Law.[10][11] This new law satisfied the major opposition parties Batkivschyna and Front for Change; but was condemned by the core party of Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc, Our Ukraine.[53][54][55] Candidates could be elected on party lists or through self-nomination.[10] On 8 December 2011 President Viktor Yanukovych signed the new election law.[56] Since then several parties merged with other parties.[57][58][59]

The possibility to be simultaneously be nominated on a nationwide party list and in a single mandate constituency also was declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on 10 April 2012.[60]

Voters could temporarily change their place of voting without changing their permanent voting address.[61]

Issues

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Further information: Civil movement "Chesno"

Fraud suspicions and accusations

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See also: Corruption in Ukraine § Political corruption

From 2011 to 2013 with liaison to Serhiy Lyovochkin, Alan Friedman, Eckart Sager, who was a one time CNN producer, Rick Gates, Paul Manafort, and Manafort's senior aide Konstantin Kilimnik devised a strategy to discredit then Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko along with then United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton who had been an outspoken critic of pro-Russia, pro-Kremlin, and pro-Putin supporters in Ukraine.[62] Manafort's Global Endeavour Inc., a St. Vincent and Grenadines based consulting and lobbying company, his Lucicle Consultants Ltd., a Cyprus based consulting company, and three other of his companies were hired to provide support to then President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovich and his Party of Regions.[63][64][65] This strategy included: creating a fake think tank in Vienna, Austria, the Center for the Study of Former Soviet Socialist Republics (CXSSR), to support Yanukovich and his Party of Regions; using a social media blitz with Twitter, YouTube, and Facebook, and altering the Google's search stack to disseminate articles and videos that undermine opponents of the Party of Regions and Yanukovich in Europe and the United States; rewriting Wikipedia articles to smear Yanukovich opponents especially Tymoshenko; and using Breitbart News, RedState, and an article in The Wall Street Journal to discredit the Obama State Department and Hillary Clinton herself.[62] Alan Friedman, who had not registered as a foreign agent in the United States, told Kostyantyn Gryshchenko that Friedman, who often wrote using the pen name Matthew Lina, published dozens of positive stories about the Party of Regions and Yanukovich and ensured that these were disseminated to over 2,000 publications and placed at the top of Google search stacks.[62] Known as the Tymoshenko Files, Friedman sent Manafort a highly confidential two page letter detailing Friedman's efforts and that Friedman would claim to be Inna Bohoslovska to ghost pen articles on her behalf.[62] In October 2012 after Hillary Clinton had supported Tymoshenko, Brietbart News released an article calling Hillary Clinton a “neo-Nazi Frankenstein”.[62][66][67][68]

Before election day candidates and analysts predicted that bribery to secure votes would be rampant.[61][69][70] A March 2012 poll by Research & Branding Group showed that 66% of the respondents believed that the election would not be fair, 18% disagreed with that.[71] In June 2012 the Committee of Voters of Ukraine declared that the use of government resources for partisan ends would not be decisive in the (then upcoming) elections.[72]

Following the elections the parties Fatherland, UDAR and Svoboda filled in an appeal at the Central Election Commission of Ukraine (CVK) with allegations of fraud in 13 simple-majority constituencies.[73] Irregularities in the elections like cases of ballot stuffing, carousel voting, suspiciously high voter turnout and bribed voters have been reported.[74][75] On 30 October 2012 the Committee of Voters of Ukraine stated that the elections saw a record number of cases of bribery of voters.[76] They also insisted the elections had not brought the country closer to democratic standards.[76] And that although there were no grounds to believe that the violations that were reported on polling day could affect the election results, the election results could seriously be affected by violations during the counting of votes.[76]

According to Opora the most common violations of the electoral law during the election campaign in August were using government resources for partisan purposes and vote buying.[77] According to Opora the Party of Regions committed the most violations of the electoral law.[78] On 28 October 2012 Party of Regions itself claimed to have documented 607 violations of the election legislation by its opponents.[79] According to Taras Kuzio Berkut riot police was used in attempts to destroy ballots.[80]

On 1 November 2012 the Deputy Chairwoman of the Central Election Commission of Ukraine (CVK), Zhanna Usenko-Chorna, stated that the elections were heavily falsified.[81] She indicated that several electoral districts clearly demonstrate a depravity of the single-constituency district elections in Ukraine and that as of 1 November CVK still had not received results from 14 electoral districts. According to her that was the main reason why CVK could not announce the complete results of the elections on the scheduled time, 31 October 2012.[82]

In mid-February 2012 Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko deputy Roman Zabzalyuk alleged without providing evidence that "if the results on Election Day can't be sufficiently fixed" the Party of Regions had already made plans to bribe deputies to join the Party of Regions after their election into the Parliament; representatives of the Party of Regions denied allegations of bribery or plans to fix the election.[83]

Issues at districts

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Kyiv and its region

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A notably reported scandal took place at the electoral district 215 where initially a win was awarded to the acting chairman of the Kyiv city council Halyna Hereha.[84] After the results were challenged it was decided to recount the votes with about 30 law enforcement personnel to keep public order.[85] Later everything was resolved and cleared that indeed the votes between the two candidates Hereha (independent) and Andriy Illyenko ("Svoboda") were switched around.[86] On 1 November 2012 Halyna Hereha officially complained about the elections, she stated that she did not intend to take it to court.[87]

To another electoral district 211 in Kyiv was sent an ambulance as a deputy chairman of the district electoral commission had a nervous breakdown. The commission of the district for three days had a difficult time to count all the votes.[88][89]

Another big scandal with involvement of the riot law enforcement unit of Berkut took place at the 95th electoral district (a Kyivan suburban city of Irpin). The electoral commission at the district was the slowest and the public involvement surely did not help to speed up the process, however a possible miscounting was prevented.[90] Previously, a possible riot from a big "youth group of athletic posture" was suspected by witnesses.[91]

Another scandal took place at the 223rd district where some fist fighting took place, which was eventually extinguished with the help of law enforcement.[92] Oleh Tyahnybok told Ukrainska Pravda that "Svoboda" will be picketing "EpiCenter" supermarkets and apartments of the 223rd electoral district commission members.[93] Because of the incident, Radio Liberty (Radio Svoboda) conducts a live broadcasting from the headquarters of the district. In protest the district electoral commission refuses to continue its work.[94][95]

Southern Ukraine

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At the 132nd district (Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast) peasants laid a siege around the building of the district electoral commission in the protest of post-electoral results.[96] According to Batkivshchyna it had been defrauded a win in the district in favour of a candidate of Party of Regions.[96]

Repeat elections in 5 constituencies

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The Central Election Commission of Ukraine adopted a resolution on November 5 recognizing the impossibility of announcing election results in five single-seat constituencies (electoral districts 94, 132, 194, 197 and 223); it also recognized the need to hold repeat elections in these constituencies and asked parliament to take a decision on holding repeat elections in these constituencies.[5] On November 6 the Verkhovna Rada adopted a resolution that proposed repeat elections.[5] On 8 November the Central Election Commission stated that the Verkhovna Rada should thus make a respective law for this and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine should determine the amount of funding for these elections.[97]

On 29 December 2012, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine received a query from 54 Verkhovna Rada members concerning procedures for the five repeat elections.[98] As of 21 March 2013 the Constitutional Court has not opened a case on this issue.[98] The current Verkhovna Rada parliamentary majority refused to consider the scheduling of repeated elections in the five constituencies before the court issues its ruling on this issue.[98]

On 5 September 2013 the Verkhovna Rada set the date of (all, see below) 7 re-elections to 15 December 2013.[99]

Repeat elections in 2 more constituencies

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In early February 2013 the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine ordered the Central Election Commission of Ukraine to hold new elections in 2 more districts after the court removed the deputy mandates of United Centre member Pavlo Baloha (at the time a member of the Party of Regions parliamentary faction) and independent Oleksandr Dombrovsky.[100] The Administrative Court established that the results in single-member districts number 11 (Vinnytsia Oblast; Dombrovsky) and number 71 (Zakarpattia Oblast; Baloha) after the 2012 elections had been "unreliable".[100] On 3 July 2013 Baloha's and Dombrovsky's mandates were officially cancelled.[7]

On 5 September 2013 the Verkhovna Rada set the date of (all, see above) 7 re-elections to 15 December 2013.[99]

By-election in constituency 224 (Sevastopol)

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On 24 December 2012 President Viktor Yanukovych appointed Pavlo Lebedyev as Defense Minister.[101] Lebedyev had been elected as a lawmaker in the single-seat constituency No. 224 (in Sevastopol) in the 2012 election (28 October 2012).[101] On 22 March 2013 the Verkhovna Rada cancelled his parliamentary mandate.[101][102] The by-election for the single-seat constituency No. 224 was held on 7 July 2013 and won by independent Vadim Novinsky with 53.41% with a turnout of 23.91%.[101][103] Before the election Novinsky had stated he would join the Party of Regions if he won.[104]

Repeat elections in constituency 133 (Odesa)

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On 12 September 2013 the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine (under a lawsuit lodged by Yuriy Karmazin) ruled it impossible to reliably establish the results of 28 October 2012 elections in single-mandate constituency No. 133 (in Odesa),[105] at the time Ihor Markov had been declared winner of that constituency.[106] The court overturned the Central Election Commission (CEC) decision of 23 November 2012 regarding Markov's registration as a People's Deputy of Ukraine and ordered the CEC to take measures to organize, prepare for and hold repeat elections in constituency No. 133.[106]

Police officers had documented the use of pens with disappearing ink in at least 40 polling stations in constituency No. 133 on 28 October 2012.[106]

Repeat elections in five constituencies of 15 December 2013

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The Central Election Commission of Ukraine finalized the vote count on 12 November 2012 but simultaneously ordered – on recommendation of the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) – repeat elections in five troubled single-mandate constituencies where it could not establish results.[3] Because of occurrences in these five constituencies.[4][5][97] In February 2013 the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine ordered to hold (additional) new elections in 2 more districts after the court removed the mandates of two seats.[100][6] On 5 September 2013 the Verkhovna Rada itself set the date of these 7 re-elections to 15 December 2013.[99] Hence, before 15 December 2013 of the 450 seats in parliament 443 deputies have been elected.[3][8][9][7] But eventually only repeat elections were held in 5 constituencies on 15 December 2013.[107]

By-election in constituency 83 (West Ivano-Frankivsk)

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In February 2014 Oleksandr Sych became Vice Prime Minister in the Yatsenyuk Government.[110] Sych had been elected as a lawmaker in the single-seat constituency No. 83 (West Ivano-Frankivsk) in the 2012 election of 28 October 2012.[111]

The by-election for the single-seat constituency No. 83 was held on 25 May 2014 and won by independent Olexandr Shevchenko with 37.6% with a turnout of 37.66%.[112] The candidate of the party of Sych, Svoboda,[113] came third with 14.9%.[112]

Campaign

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Andriy Klyuyev was the chief campaign manager for the Party of Regions.[114] The Party of Regions' campaign focused heavily on promoting its record as the ruling party, contrasting the "stability" of the (then current) Azarov Government with "chaos" during the Second Tymoshenko Government in 2007–10 (which it referred to as: "the chaos and ruins of 5 years of orange leadership",.[115][8] It advocated a "balanced" approach to developing relations with Russia and the West, saying neither should be given priority over the other.[8]

Fatherland tried to paint the election as a battle of good against evil and pledged to impeach President Viktor Yanukovych.[8] The party stated it advocated "European values" and promised to reverse the Azarov Government policy of raising the status of the Russian language.[8]

UDAR avoided sensitive and polarising subjects and focused instead on popular topics, such as more empowerment to ordinary Ukrainians and a ruthless campaign against corruption, the indifference of the authorities, the lack of local governance, inequality and poverty.[8][116]

Svoboda softened their rhetoric in the campaign but nevertheless promised to shake up the country's political status quo.[116][117]

One of the biggest spenders of the campaign was the party Ukraine – Forward!.[118][119] One of their election billboards claimed that “an average wage of EUR€1,000 and a pension of €500” was realistic for Ukraine (the monthly average wage was €300 at the time).[120]

Many candidates in single-seat constituencies tended to focus on local issues, often distancing themselves from party agendas.[8]

Overall the election programs of the major parties bore many similarities; all pledged reforms to spur economic growth, higher wages, pensions and other benefits, better education and medical care.[8]

Two weeks before the (28 October) election UDAR withdrew 26 of its candidates running in single-member constituencies in favour of Fatherland candidates and they withdrew 26 parliamentary candidates in favor of UDAR in an attempt to maximise votes for the opposition.[121]

Costs

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Political parties spent more than US$75 million on the election campaign in multi-member constituencies (according to the parties' official reports).[122] The Party of Regions spent about US$27 million, Fatherland more than $13 million, UDAR more than $4 million, the Communist Party of Ukraine $9 million, Our Ukraine $8 million and Ukraine – Forward! $7.6 million.[122] Svoboda claimed it had spent US$3 million on the campaign.[123] The Ukraine of the Future did not spend anything on campaigning yet still managed to take the 15th spot amongst the 21 parties who participated in the nationwide list with 0.18% of the votes.[123]

Denys Kovrizhenko of the International Foundation for Electoral Systems – Ukraine stated the sum of money spend could be up to 10 times more than what parties report afterwards.[124] According to OPORA “In general, candidates spend about three times more than they officially report to spend”.[124] Political scientist Artem Bidenko estimated other figures; he believed that the Party of Regions had spent around $850 million, Ukraine – Forward some $150 million, and the election campaigns of the rest of the political parties $350 million, while candidates in majority constituencies had spent some $900 million on the election campaign.[125] About half of the single-constituency candidates submitted reports about their campaign spending.[124]

In October 2008 Ukrainian experts estimated that a small political party who wants to win seats in parliament would spend up to US$30 million on the campaign and large political parties would spend up to $100 million.[126] Political analyst Pavlo Bulhak stated then that a party's election budget will be spent on advertising on television, bribing voters, organizing rallies and party propaganda.[126]

Results

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Level protocol handles on 30 October 2012; 1:30 pm
 
The leaders in multi-member districts by oblast
 
The leaders in multi-member districts by constituency
 
Leaders in single-mandate constituencies

On 8 November the Central Election Commission of Ukraine completed and released all results of the nationwide party list the constituencies (the elections took place on 28 October).[4] Meanwhile, the Central Election Commission refused to establish the election results for the first-past-post results in 5 constituencies.[97] The Central Election Commission of Ukraine finalized the vote count on 12 November 2012 but simultaneously ordered - on recommendation of the Verkhovna Rada - repeat elections (on a yet unknown date) in five troubled single-mandate constituencies where it could not establish results.[3] Because of occurrences in these five constituencies.[4][5][97] Hence, on 12 November 2012 445 deputies had been elected of the 450 seats in parliament.[3][8] On 8 February 2013 the Supreme Administrative Court of Ukraine deprived 2 more deputies of power.[7] They were banned from parliament on 3 July 2013.[7] On 5 September 2013 the Verkhovna Rada itself set the date of all 7 re-elections to 15 December 2013.[99]

PartyProportionalConstituencyTotal
seats		+/–
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Party of Regions6,116,74630.00725,641,71428.16113185+10
Batkivshchyna5,209,09025.55623,427,95617.1139101–55
Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform2,847,97913.97341,790,1518.93640New
Communist Party of Ukraine2,687,26913.18321,554,4767.76032+5
Svoboda2,129,93310.4525848,8544.241237+37
Ukraine – Forward!322,1981.580187,0060.9300New
Our Ukraine226,4921.11051,6540.2600–72
Radical Party of Oleh Liashko221,1441.080105,2360.5311New
Party of Pensioners of Ukraine114,2060.5604,6400.02000
Socialist Party of Ukraine93,0710.460121,7520.61000
Party of Greens of Ukraine70,2610.34033,1310.17000
Ukrainian Party "Green Planet"70,1060.34015,9230.08000
Russian Bloc63,5320.31042,0740.21000
Greens51,3690.2500New
Ukraine of the Future37,9090.19027,0530.1400New
Native Fatherland32,7010.1603,7430.0200New
People's Labor Union of Ukraine22,8540.1106,9550.0300New
New Politics21,0300.10015,1680.08000
Hromada17,6670.0904,8410.02000
Ukrainian National Assembly16,9130.0803,1990.02000
Liberal Party of Ukraine15,5490.0803,2550.02000
People's Party354,9241.7722–18
United Centre155,4920.7833New
Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists74,7120.3700–
Ukrainian Platform "Sobor"48,8130.2400–
Soyuz36,0770.1811+1
Party of Hungarians of Ukraine22,9220.1100New
United Left and Peasants21,5420.1100New
Agrarian Party of Ukraine16,2250.0800New
People's Initiative14,9680.0700New
Russian Unity13,8060.0700New
European Party of Ukraine13,5330.0700–
Greater Ukraine9,4730.0500New
Patriotic Party of Ukraine9,2100.0500New
Ukrainian Party9,0880.0500New
Social-Environmental Party "Union. Chornobyl. Ukraine"8,3260.0400New
People's Party of Depositors and Social Security7,6840.0400New
Truth6,3910.0300New
People's Democratic Party6,3240.03000
Ukrainian National Conservative Party6,0360.0300New
Viche5,9420.0300–
One Rus5,8600.0300New
Ukrainian Marine Party5,5350.0300New
State5,4220.0300New
Youth Party of Ukraine5,2970.0300New
Solidarity of Women of Ukraine5,1430.0300New
Fair Ukraine4,8080.0200New
People's Movement of Ukraine3,0810.0200–6
Slavic Party2,1970.0100New
Spiritual Ukraine1,9030.0100New
Union of Anarchists of Ukraine1,6960.0100New
Social-Patriotic Assembly of Slavs1,6200.0100New
Meritocratic Party of Ukraine1,5990.0100New
Young Ukraine1,5830.0100New
Civil Solidarity Party1,5790.0100New
Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine1,2100.0100New
Sam za sebe1,1980.0100New
Revival1,1090.0100New
People's Ecological Party9040.0000New
Christian Movement5970.0000New
Youth to Power5640.0000New
Liberal Democratic Party of Ukraine5290.0000New
Political Party of Small and Medium-sized Businesses of Ukraine5040.00000
Law and Order4970.0000New
European Platform4550.0000New
Internet Party of Ukraine4160.0000New
Bloc Party3970.0000New
All-Ukrainian Union "Center"3660.00000
For Human Rights3520.0000New
Civil Position3520.0000New
Democratic Party of Ukrainian Hunters3400.0000New
Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united)3400.0000New
Right Will of Ukraine2430.0000New
Cossack Ukrainian Party2350.0000New
All-Ukrainian Political Party "Fratenity"1880.0000New
Party of Free Democrats1860.00000
People's Order Party1240.0000New
Independents5,248,37326.194343+43
Vacant55–
Total20,388,019100.0022520,037,071100.002254500
Valid votes20,388,01998.03
Invalid/blank votes409,0681.97
Total votes20,797,087100.00
Registered voters/turnout36,213,01057.43
Source: CLEA

By electoral district

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Next to the 87 political parties[127] 1150 independent candidates took part in the 225 electoral districts.[128]

Several lawmakers elected into the new parliament have family ties with other lawmakers or other family members in the executive branch of Ukrainian politics.[130]

Foreign electoral district

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Main article: Results of the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election in the foreign electoral district

Despite the turnout in the foreign electoral district being the lowest on record, Svoboda surprisingly received the most votes, with 24% of the popular vote, while the national winners, the Party of Regions, came second with 23% of the vote. UDAR and Batkivshchyna received 22% and 20% of the vote respectively, while Our Ukraine, following the national trend, saw its vote share reduced by 23 percentage points, falling from third to sixth place.

Turnout

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Turnout by oblast

The total voter turnout in the election was 57.99%;[75] about average for parliamentary elections in Ukraine.[16][116] On election day turnout had reached 22.43% by noon local time.[131] The number of reported participating voters varied somewhere between 20.76 million and 20.78 million,[132][133] while the number of invalid ballots accumulated to about 1.2 million (5.74%) for party list voting and voting at districts.[133]

The lowest turnout was in Crimea (with 49.46%), the highest in Lviv Oblast (67.13%).[75] Local disparities in turnout did occur: for example, the voting turnout figures in two adjacent districts in Donetsk were 39.8% and 84.5%.[16]

Forming of new government

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On 9 December President Viktor Yanukovych nominated Mykola Azarov for a new term as Prime Minister.[134] This nomination was approved by parliament on 13 December 2012.[135] 252 deputies of the 450 deputies supported the nomination; the whole factions of Party of Regions (210 deputies) and Communist Party (32 deputies) and ten independent deputies.[136]

The second Azarov Government was appointed by Yanukovych on 24 December 2012.[137]

Reactions

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Fatherland, UDAR and Svoboda stated 12 November they did not recognize the results and would challenge them in local and international courts.[138] In a joint statement the three parties vowed to work towards the impeachment of President Viktor Yanukovych, the resignation of the Azarov Government and chief prosecutor Viktor Pshonka, and the release from jail of Yulia Tymoshenko "and other political prisoners".[139][140]

Prime Minister Mykola Azarov and President Yanukovych praised the elections.[citation needed]

Party leader Petro Symonenko of the Communist Party of Ukraine believed on 8 November that the new parliament could not work better than the present one, as "there will be a confrontation between the financial, political and clan groups who got seats in the new parliament."[141] He also stated then that his party will not form any coalition with other groups in the new parliament.[141]

Civil movement "Chesno" stated on 5 December 2012 that 331 out of the 450 deputies elected on 28 October fell short of its criteria for honesty; according to "Chesno"'s parameters, 114 of them violated the rights and freedoms of citizens, 30 earlier changed their political position while working in parliament or on local councils, 233 had been involved in corrupt practices, 185 had nontransparent incomes and expenses, 156 did not personally take part in voting in previous parliaments, and 101 had shirked work in parliament.[142]

Party of Regions politician Sergei Tigipko stated in December 2012 "the parliamentary elections showed that politics in Ukraine is becoming more ideological".[143]

International reactions

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  European Union – On 12 November 2012 the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton and European Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy Stefan Fule stated "We express our concern about the conduct of the post electoral process, which was marred by irregularities, delays in the vote count and lack of transparency in the electoral commissions".[144] The also expected to see "swift and determined action" to bring Ukraine's electoral legislation "into line with European norms and standards on the basis of an Election Code".[144]
  United States – United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated in late October 2012 about the election: "We share the view of OSCE monitors that Sunday's election constituted a step backward for Ukrainian democracy".[145] Vice President of the United States Joe Biden voiced concerns over the elections in a call with President Viktor Yanukovych on 13 November 2012 and end urged Ukraine to "end selective prosecutions".[146]
  European Parliament – A resolution adopted by the parliament on 13 December 2012 stated: "(We) expresses regret at the fact that, according to the OSCE, PACE, NATO Parliamentary Assembly and European Parliament observers, the election campaign, electoral process and post-electoral process failed to meet major international standards and constitute a step backwards compared with the national elections in 2010.
  Poland – According to President Bronislaw Komorowski the results of the elections showed "the success of pro-European spirit in the country".[147] Because all political parties that made it into parliament, but the Communist Party of Ukraine, declared European integration of the country as one of their goals.[147]

International observers

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On election day (28 October) there were 3,500 accredited foreign observers.[116] The observers from the European Academy for Elections Observation (most of whom where European Parliament members), stated it was "a good election, not perfect but clearly acceptable",[148] and that it was "in compliance with democratic norms".[148] On 29 October the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (who had monitored the election with 600 observers)[116] stated in a preliminary report[149] that "certain aspects of the pre-election period constituted a step backwards compared with recent national elections" and that the election was marred by "the abuse of power and the excessive role of money".[16][148] It complained of "a lack of a level playing field, caused primarily by the abuse of administrative resources, lack of transparency of campaign and party financing, and lack of balanced media coverage".[148] This contrasted sharply with the international observers' conclusions on Ukraine's February 2010 presidential election, judged then to have been transparent, unbiased and an "impressive display" of democracy.[148]

Ten thousand foreign observers where expected to observe the elections.[127] Some 100 long term observers from OSCE member states arrived in Ukraine starting from the middle of September 2012, followed by 600 short-term observers who will arrive a week before the elections to monitor the election process at voting stations.[127]

Poland is to send observers to Ukraine to monitor the elections, Polish Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski stated on 8 February 2012.[150] German Ambassador to Ukraine Hans-Jürgen Heimsoeth [de] stated "Germany is planning to send a numerous group of official supervisors" on 13 March 2012.[151]

The total number of registered observers on October 9, was 1053 persons.[152] The largest mission of international observers from CIS-EMO was 197 people.[153]

On 2 October 2012 CIS-EMO observers presented the Interim report of the CIS-EMO Election Monitoring Mission.[154] The report, in particular, noted that "The majority of detected violations are connected not with a political struggle of party lists but with the struggle of single-seat candidates". An impression that “antidemocratic power” clash with “democratic opposition” imposed by European and world society has a very relative nature that, as a rule, doesn’t distinct the real situation. In nowadays Ukrainian “peripheral capitalism” model such classes as “power” and “opposition” are conventionality. When the “Power Elite” is unconsolidated and disconnected and there is an open internal war between leading financial-industrial groups and corporations of Ukraine to get leverage of real state authority, all existing political parties only play the role of institutionalized political framework of realization of oligarchs’ economic interests.[155]

On 5 October 2012 the CIS-EMO report was presented at the annual meeting of the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.[156] Shortly before the presentation of CIS-EMO interim report web-site of CIS-EMO had been subjected to a massive DDoS-attack.[157] The report was published on the official website of the OSCE in English and Ukrainian[158] and also in Russian.[159]

The ENEMO (European Network of Election Monitoring Organizations) mission for the 2012 parliamentary elections in Ukraine began its work on 23 July 2012 with the arrival of four Core Team members. ENEMO is the first international election observation mission registered for the Parliamentary Elections 2012 by the Central Election Commission (CEC). 35 LTOs (long-term observers) arrived to Kyiv on 5 August 2012 and were deployed throughout Ukraine. Long-term observer teams cover one or two oblasts of Ukraine. On E-day, October 28, ENEMO deployed 43 STO (Short-term observer) teams throughout all oblasts of Ukraine.

Factions in parliament after elections

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According to the amendment to parliamentary regulations adopted in November 2012, the smallest faction of parliament can be formed out a party with the smallest number of deputies elected by a party list and a single constituency vote.[160][161] That amendment to regulations can also be interpreted as "either or" meaning that the smallest faction can be formed either based on party list or a single constituency election. In that case the smaller parties' deputies that were elected to the parliament will be able to form factions of their own, making it more challenging to form a coalition in the Ukrainian parliament.[162]

On 27 November 2012 Party of Regions parliamentary leader Oleksandr Yefremov claimed that 223 members of the Verkhovna Rada had already expressed their desire to work in his party's fraction; according to earlier press reports 38 of the 43 unaffiliated politicians elected into parliament would join the Party of Regions faction.[163]

Party
(Shading indicates majority caucus)
 Total Vacant
Party of Regions Batkivshchyna UDAR Svoboda Communists Economic Development Sovereign European Ukraine For Peace and Stability Non-affiliated[a]
End of previous convocation[164][167] 195 97 DNP DNP 25 DNP DNP DNP 31 348 102
Begin[168] 185 101 40 37 32 - - - 43 438 12
12 December 2012[164] 208 99 42 36 27 444 6
11 June 2013[164] 207 93 34
31 December 2013[164] 204 90 38 442 8
21 February 2014[169] 177 55
22 February 2014[164][170] 134 88 115 447 3
23 February 2014[164] 131 118
24 February 2014[164] 128 123 449 1
25 February 2014[164] 127 33 91
27 February 2014[164] 122 32 37 60
28 February 2014[164] 36 36 57
4 March 2014[164] 119 87 33 60 445 5
15 March 2014[164] 120 88 35 37 58 448 2
18 March 2014[164] 82 41 33 439 11
25 March 2014[164] 88 35 447 3
8 April 2014[164] 109 34 33 38 68 446 4
10 April 2014[164] 108 35 70 449 1
11 April 2014[164] 106 42 37 71 448 2
20 April 2014[164] 104 41 72 446 4
16 May 2014[164] 103 39 35 73 447 3
29 May 2014[164] 87 31 40 74 446 4
6 June 2014[164] 80 85 40 32 95 442 8
1 July 2014[164] 86 41 24 104 445 5
2 July 2014[164] 32 73
4 July 2014[164] 78 23 34
24 July 2014[164] -[b] 41 95
25 July 2014[164] 35 36 93
Latest voting share 17.5% 19.3% 9.2% 7.9% 0.0% 9.2% 7.9% 8.1% 20.9%


Removing deputies from parliament after 2012 election

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Main article: 7th Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada § Major events

Since 8 February 2013 four parliamentarians have been deprived of their mandate by the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine.[172]

Registered parties

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In contrast with the 2007 parliamentary elections, candidates in this election could be elected on party lists or through self-nomination.[10] There were 87 parties registered for the elections to compete in electoral districts.[127] For the nationwide list the voters could choose between 22 parties.[127] Several parties united together under "umbrella" parties. For example, the election list of All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland" included members of Reforms and Order Party, People's Movement of Ukraine, Front of Changes, For Ukraine, People's Self-Defense, Civil Position and Social Christian Party.[173][174][175][176] This electoral list was the result of negotiations within the opposition Dictatorship Resistance Committee.[177][178][179]

Nationwide list

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The Central Election Commission of Ukraine had registered 22 parties who would participate on the nationwide list.[180] On 15 October 2012 Ukrainian Platform "Assembly" withdrew itself from the national list[181] (it had received ballot number 1) but the other ballot numbers did not change. So the ballot numbers were:[180]

  1. No party
  2. Socialist Party of Ukraine
  3. Communist Party of Ukraine
  4. Political Union "Native Fatherland"
  5. Russian Bloc
  6. Party of Nataliya Korolevska "Ukraine – Forward!"
  7. All-Ukrainian Union "Community"
  8. Ukrainian National Assembly
  9. Liberal Party of Ukraine
  10. New Politics
  11. All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda"
  12. Ukrainian Party "Green Planet"[182]
  13. Party of Pensioners of Ukraine
  14. Our Ukraine (Our Ukraine, Ukrainian People's Party, Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists)
  15. Greens[183]
  16. Party of Greens of Ukraine
  17. UDAR of Vitaliy Klychko
  18. Ukraine of the Future
  19. All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland" (All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland", People's Movement of Ukraine, People's Self-Defense, Front of Changes, For Ukraine!, Reforms and Order, Social-Christian Party, Civil Position)
  20. Party of Regions
  21. People's Labor Union of Ukraine
  22. Radical Party of Oleh Lyashko

Public opinion polls

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Note that on 17 November 2011 the Ukrainian Parliament approved an election law under which 225 members of Parliament would be elected under party lists and 225 would be winners of constituencies.[11] Simultaneously the option to vote "Against all" had been made defunct;[10] furthermore candidates could be elected on party lists or through self-nomination.[10]

Party: % 2007
election[184] 		FOM-Ukraine
(May 2009)[185] 		KIIS
(March 2010)[186] 		Rating
(December 2010)[187] 		Rating
(September 2011)[188] 		Rating
(December 2011)[189] 		Rating
(February 2012)[190] 		Rating
(March 2012)[191] 		Rating
(May 2012)[192] 		Rating
(August 2012)[193] 		GfK
(September 2012)[194] 		KIIS
(September/ October 2012)[195] 		Rating
(October 2012)[196]
PoR 34.37 24.7 36.4 30.0 21.9 19.4 18.8 21.3 22.0 24.6 25 20.1 23
Fatherland 30.71† 15.8† 13.6† 19.6 18.9 20.3 20.3 20.9 25.6 26.2 15 12.1 16.5
Our Ukraine 14.15‡ <1 1.4 1.6 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.8 ? 1.0 1.0
CPU 5.39 4 3.1 4.8 5.7 8.1 7.2 7.4 7.6 9.4 9 7.8 12.8
People's Party 3.96¶ 2.7¶ 1.3¶ 0.7 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.5 0.8 1.3 ? <1 ?
SPU 2.86* 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.8 - 0.5 ? ? <1 0.3
Svoboda 0.76 2.6 1.6 6.2 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.3 4.4 4.2 3 4.7 6
UDAR dnp** 1 2.7 5.4 5 6.9 7.2 9.2 11.8 17 11.5 17.9
Ukraine – Forward! Part of BYuT 0.5 1 3.8 4.2 3 1.4 3.1
FfC dnp 8.4 4.3 7.2 11 11.3 11.7 9.9 Part of Fatherland Part of Fatherland Part of Fatherland Part of Fatherland Part of Fatherland
SU Part of LB 7.3 6.4 Part of PoR Part of PoR Part of PoR Part of PoR Part of PoR Part of PoR Part of PoR Part of PoR Part of PoR
Other 2.1 15 ? 2.3
Against all 2.73 6.3 7.4 10.7 Defunct Defunct Defunct Defunct Defunct Defunct Defunct Defunct
Not voting - 8.4 12.6 9.4 6.1 - 18.6 (not counted) 15.7 (not counted) ? 12.4 11.7 (not counted)
Unsure - 10.2 13.4 8.7 11.3 14 18.2 17.7 19.0 18.6 13 27.2 17.2
* In 2006 political parties or election blocs needed to collect at least 3% of the national vote for all parties in order to gain seats in parliament. In November 2011 this election threshold was raised to 5% and simultaneously the participation of blocs of political parties was banned.[11]
**"dnp" stands for "did not participate".
†Participated as the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc (BYuT).
‡Participated as the Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc (OU-PSD).
¶Participated as the Lytvyn Bloc (LB).

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The United Centre (3 seats), People's Party (2 seats), Radical Party of Oleh Liashko (1 seat) and Union (1 seat) did not form their own faction. Their deputies did not join any faction besides 1 deputy of People's Party who became a member of the Party of Regions faction in December 2012[164] and Union's deputy joined the then newly created faction For Peace and Stability on 2 July 2014.[165][166]
  2. ^ The Communist Party of Ukraine faction was dissolved 24 July 2014 two days after parliament had changed its regulations.[171]

References

edit
  1. ^ https://tsn.ua/politika/timoshenko-i-yacenyuk-ocholyat-spisok-ob-yednanoyi-opoziciyi.html Тимошенко і Яценюк очолять список об'єднаної опозиції
  2. ^ a b Parliament mulls Feb. 3 vote to amend Constitution, Kyiv Post (31 January 2011)
    Parliament sets parliamentary elections for October 2012, presidential elections for March 2015, Kyiv Post (February 1, 2011)
    Ukraine sets parliamentary vote for October 2012, Kyiv Post (1 February 2011)
    Early parliamentary elections may take place in May - Ukraine's Yanukovych, RIA Novosti (25 January 2010)
  3. ^ a b c d e f Party of Regions gets 185 seats in Ukrainian parliament, Batkivschyna 101 - CEC, Interfax-Ukraine (12 November 2012)
  4. ^ a b c d With all party lists ballots counted, Regions Party gets 30%, Batkivschyna 25.54%, UDAR 13.96%, Communists 13.18%, Svoboda 10.44%, Kyiv Post (8 November 2012)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Repeat elections in troubled constituencies unlikely to be held before March 2013, says CEC deputy head, Interfax-Ukraine (7 November 2012)
  6. ^ a b CEC ready to appoint repeated elections in Dombrovski, Baloha constituencies Archived 2013-08-25 at the Wayback Machine, forUm (17 July 2013)
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  51. ^ Opposition pushes for immediate meeting with Yanukovych, Kyiv Post (22 September 2011)
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  53. ^ Front for Change leader: New law to allow opposition win 2012 parliamentary elections, Kyiv Post (18 November 2011)
  54. ^ Tymoshenko's bloc faction satisfied with adopted election law, Kyiv Post (18 November 2011)
  55. ^ Our Ukraine condemns vote for law on parliamentary elections, Kyiv Post (18 November 2011)
  56. ^ Yanukovych signs law on parliamentary elections, Kyiv Post (8 December 2011)
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    CEC head suggests ban on running for Rada independently and on party lists simultaneously, Kyiv Post (28 January 2012)
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  143. ^ Tigipko not planning to work in Azarov government, Kyiv Post (22 December 2012)
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  172. ^ Higher Administrative Court deprives two MPs of deputy seats, Kyiv Post (9 February 2013)
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    (in Ukrainian) "ФРОНТ ЗМІН" ІДЕ В РАДУ З "БАТЬКІВЩИНОЮ", Ukrainska Pravda (7 April 2012)
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