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Głogówek (pronounced Template:Resepll [ɡwɔˈɡuvɛk], German: Oberglogau, Czech: Horní Hlohov) is a small city in southwestern Poland, located in Opole Voivodeship of historical Silesia. The city lies approximately 35 kilometres (22 miles) from Opole, the capital of the voivodeship, and is about 10 km (6 mi) from the Czech border. The name of the city comes from the Polish word głóg, meaning hawthorn. The plant was abundant in the area when the city was founded.
Głogówek Oberglogau | |
|---|---|
 Town Hall on Main Square | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Głogówek Oberglogau | |
| Coordinates: 50°20′38″N 17°52′2″E / 50.34389°N 17.86722°E | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Voivodeship | Opole |
| County | Prudnik |
| Gmina | Głogówek |
| Established | 11th century |
| Town rights | 1275 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Andrzej Jan Kałamarz |
| Area | |
• Total | 22.06 km2 (8.52 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 212 m (696 ft) |
| Population (2019-06-30[1]) | |
• Total | 5,592 |
| • Density | 250/km2 (660/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 48-250 |
| Area code | +48 77 |
| Car plates | OPR |
| Website | http://www.glogowek.pl |
Since 2009, the town has been bilingual in Polish and German, a substantial German minority having remained in the area after the bulk of Silesia was ceded to Poland and the end of World War II.
History
It is often said that the first historical mention of Głogówek was in 1076, but this is now known to be false. The Russian sources frequently quoted citing the city's 11th-century founding were misinterpreted, referring instead to a Lower Silesian town, Głogów, with a very similar name. This village, first mentioned in 1010, was located some distance from Głogówek and later became a fortified castle by the Oder and a major city. However, given the ages of the Russian texts, a mistake in identifying the first historical mentions of the two villages is understandable. At the time, military conflict in the region was common, and the use of the Głogów fortress may very well have inspired the names of smaller villages in the surrounding area, causing the confusion.
The first unequivocal historical mention of Głogówek in a Silesian source dates from 1212. This source is a list of villages which were in the tithing area of the Leubus Cloister. The village was referred to as "Glogov" in the Latin text, which describes, in some detail, the boundaries of the village. This description could only apply to the present-day village, and is considered to be the first unambiguous mention of Głogówek. It was part of the Duchy of Opole of fragmented Piast-ruled Poland. Town privileges were granted to Głogówek by local dukes in 1275. Another error in Silesian record-keeping states that Głogówek, still a fairly small town, had 12 official representatives, a number much too large for a city of that size. Wrocław, a much larger city, had only five at the time. The city was later granted German town privileges as well.
In 1327, Głogówek fell under Bohemian suzerainty, however, it remained under the rule of local Polish dukes of the Piast dynasty until 1532. The town's city rights were renewed again in 1373, this time under the Magdeburg rights provision. In 1379, a church, Saint Bartholomew's, was built. Only a few years later, the duke Vladislaus II of Opole (+1401), built another large cloister in Mochów, associated with Częstochowa in the area. In 1532 the town was incorporated into the Bohemian Crown Lands. In 1643, the village was largely destroyed by Swedish invaders and in 1645 it returned to Poland under the House of Vasa. During the Swedish invasion of Poland, Polish King John II Casimir Vasa stayed in the castle in Głogówek from October 17, 1655 until December 18 of the same year. Hetman Stefan Czarniecki, poet Jan Andrzej Morsztyn, future king Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki,[2] and parliamentarian Jakub Sobieski, father of the future king John III Sobieski, also visited the town at that time.[3] John II Casimir Vasa visited the town again, after his abdication, in 1669.
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After the First Silesian War in the mid-18th century Głogówek, under the Germanized name Oberglogau, came under Prussian control. The town was, for the most part, destroyed in a large fire in 1765. In addition, Ludwig van Beethoven came to stay in the castle, using it to finish his fourth symphony. From 1871 to 1945 the town was part of Germany. It was connected to the railroad network in 1876 when its population, which was almost completely bilingual, stood at 6,000, and by 1880 the population had decreased to 5,000. The population stood at 7,500 at the outbreak of World War II, which destroyed 40% of the city. In the interwar period, a local branch of the Union of Poles in Germany was located in the town, and in 1931 the Polish Bank Ludowy ("People's Bank") was founded. Polish activist were persecuted since 1937, and, after the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II, the assets of the Polish bank were confiscated.[4]
During the Second World War the town, then known as Oberglogau, was the base for a working party (E600) of British and Commonwealth prisoners of war, under the administration of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp at Lamsdorf (currently Łambinowice).[5] The prisoners were working in a sugar beet factory (Hotzenplotzer Zucher Fabrik). In January 1945, as the Soviet armies resumed their offensive and advanced from the east, the prisoners were marched westward in the so-called Long March or Death March. Many of them died from the bitter cold and exhaustion. The lucky ones got far enough to the west to be liberated by the allied armies after some four months of travelling on foot in appalling conditions.[6]
In 1975 the Regional Museum of Głogówek was founded in the castle complex.[3]
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Notable people
Natives
- House of the Von Oppersdorf(f),[7] a Silesian nobile house
- Franz Graf von Oppersdorff (1778–1818), a great lover of music, patron of Beethoven
- Eduard Maria Graf von Oppersdorff, Freiherr von Aich und Friedstein (1800–1889)[8]
- Hans Georg Graf von Oppersdorff (1866–1948)[9]
- Johann (Giovanni) Stanetti (1663–1726), Austrian sculptor
- Johann Sedlatzek (1789–1866), Austrian flutist
- Wilhelm Fraenkel (1844–1916), Austrian Jewish architect and master public survant for urban development (Template:Lang-de) of Vienna[10]
- Karl Zuschneid (1856–1926), German musicologist and director of the Mannheim Academy of Music
- Gerhard Strecke (1880–1968), German composer and actor
- Albert Willimsky (1890–1940), German Catholic priest, anti-Nazi activist and martyr
- Walter Ofiera, (1911–1995), German actor
- Joachim Georg Görlach (1931–2009), German composer, conductor and journalist
- Siegfried Tann (b. 1942), German politician of the CDU[11]
- Lukas Klemenz (b. 1995), Polish football player
Other residents
- Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827), German composer and pianist
- The grandfather of American actress Uma Thurman, Friedrich Karl Johannes von Schlebrügge, was born on 21 November 1886 in Oberglogau and emigrated in the 1930s to Sweden.
- The great-grandmother of the United States' Democratic Party's 2004 presidential candidate John Kerry, Mathilde Fränkel, was born on 14 August 1845 in Oberglogau.
Twin towns – sister cities
References
- ^ "Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial divison in 2019. As of 30th June". stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
- ^ "Michał (Michał Tomasz Korybut Wiśniowiecki)". Internetowy Polski Słownik Biograficzny (in Polish). Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ a b Barbara Grzegorczyk. "Muzeum Regionalne". Gmina Głogówek (in Polish). Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ Mirosław Cygański, Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939 - 1945, "Przegląd Zachodni", nr 4, 1984, p. 24, 33 (in Polish)
- ^ "Working Parties". Lamsdorf: Stalag VIIIB 344 Prisoner of War Camp 1940 - 1945. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
- ^ "History". Lamsdorf: Stalag VIIIB 344 Prisoner of War Camp 1940–1945. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
- ^ de:Oppersdorff
- ^ de:Eduard von Oppersdorff
- ^ de:Hans Georg von Oppersdorff
- ^ de:Wilhelm Fraenkel
- ^ de:Siegfried Tann
External links
- (in Polish and German) Official website of the city
- (in Polish) Głogówek Online Information Portal of Głogówek Community
- Jewish Community in Głogówek on Virtual Shtetl