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Great Red Spot

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The Great Red Spot is a persistent high-pressure region in the atmosphere of Jupiter, producing an anticyclonic storm 22° south of the planet's equator. It has been continuously observed for 194 years, since 1830.[1][2] Earlier observations from 1665 to 1713 are believed to be of the same storm; if this is correct, it has existed for at least 360 years.[3][4] Such storms are not uncommon within the turbulent atmospheres of gas giants.

A false-color image of the Great Red Spot of Jupiter from Voyager 1. The white oval storm directly below the Great Red Spot has the approximate diameter of Earth.

Observation history

 
Image of Jupiter by Pioneer 10 in 1974, showing a more solid-looking spot than when shown by Voyager 1 in 1979

The Great Red Spot may have existed since before 1665, but the present spot was first seen only after 1830 and well-studied only after a prominent apparition in 1879. The storm people had seen in the 1600s may have been a different storm than the one we see today.[5] A long gap separates its period of current study after 1830 from its seventeenth-century discovery; whether the original spot dissipated and reformed, whether it faded, or even if the observational record was simply poor, are all unknown.[6]

For example, its first sighting is often credited to Robert Hooke, who described a spot on the planet in May 1664; however, it is likely that Hooke's spot was in another belt altogether (the North Equatorial Belt, versus the current Great Red Spot's location in the South Equatorial Belt). Much more convincing is Giovanni Cassini's description of a "permanent spot" the following year.[7] With fluctuations in visibility, Cassini's spot was observed from 1665 to 1713; however, the 118-year observational gap makes the identity of the two spots inconclusive, and the older spot's shorter observational history and slower motion than the modern spot make their identity unlikely.[8]

A minor mystery concerns a Jovian spot depicted in a 1711 canvas by Donato Creti, which is exhibited in the Vatican.[9][10] Part of a series of panels in which different (magnified) heavenly bodies serve as backdrops for various Italian scenes, and all overseen by the astronomer Eustachio Manfredi for accuracy, Creti's painting is the first known to depict the Great Red Spot as red. No Jovian feature was explicitly described in writing as red before the late 1800s.[10]

 
A wider view of Jupiter and the Great Red Spot as seen from Voyager 1 in 1979

On February 25, 1979,[11] when the Voyager 1 spacecraft was 9.2 million kilometres (5.7 million miles) from Jupiter it transmitted the first detailed image of the Great Red Spot back to Earth. Cloud details as small as 160 kilometres (100 miles) across were visible. The colorful, wavy cloud pattern seen to the left (west) of the Red Spot is a region of extraordinarily complex and variable wave motion.

 
Time-lapse sequence from the approach of Voyager 1 to Jupiter, showing the motion of atmospheric bands, and circulation of the Great Red Spot. NASA image.

At the start of 2004, the Great Red Spot had approximately half the longitudinal extent it had a century ago, when it reached a size of 40,000 kilometres. At the present rate of reduction it would become circular by 2040. It is not known how long the spot will last, or whether the change is a result of normal fluctuations.[12]

A smaller spot, designated Oval BA, formed recently (March 2000) from the merger of three white ovals,[13][14] has turned reddish in color. Astronomers have named it the Little Red Spot or Red, Jr. As of June 5, 2006, the Great Red Spot and Oval BA appeared to be approaching convergence.[15] The storms pass each other about every two years but the passings of 2002 and 2004 were of little significance. Amy Simon-Miller, of the Goddard Space Flight Center, predicted the storms would have their closest passing on July 4, 2006. She worked with Imke de Pater and Phil Marcus of UC Berkeley, and a team of professional astronomers since April 2006 to study the storms using the Hubble Space Telescope; on July 20, the two storms were photographed passing each other by the Gemini Observatory without converging.[16] In May 2008 a third storm turned red.[17]

The Great Red Spot should not be confused with the Great Dark Spot, a feature observed near the northern pole of Jupiter in 2000 with the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft.[18] Note that a feature in the atmosphere of Neptune was also called the Great Dark Spot. The latter feature was imaged by Voyager 2 in 1989, and may have been an atmospheric hole rather than a storm and it was no longer present as of 1994 (although a similar spot had appeared farther to the north).

NASA's Juno spacecraft flew over the Great Red Spot on July 11, 2017, taking several images of the Spot from about 5,000 miles (8,000 km) above the surface.[19]

Structure

 
Approximate size comparison of Earth and the Great Red Spot.

The oval object rotates counter-clockwise, with a period of about six Earth days[20] or fourteen Jovian days. Measuring 10,159 miles (16,350 kilometers) in width (as of April 3, 2017) Jupiter's Great Red Spot is 1.3 times as wide as Earth.[21] The cloud-tops of this storm are about eight kilometres above the surrounding cloud-tops.

Infrared data have long indicated that the Great Red Spot is colder (and thus, higher in altitude) than most of the other clouds on the planet.[22] However, recent infrared measurements of the upper atmosphere show far more heat above the Great Red Spot than the rest of the planet; "acoustic waves" rising from the storm have been proposed as an explanation for Jupiter's temperature.[23]

Careful tracking of atmospheric features revealed the spot's counter-clockwise circulation as far back as 1966, observations dramatically confirmed by the first time-lapse movies from the Voyager fly-bys.[24] The spot is confined by a modest eastward jet stream to its south and a very strong westward one to its north.[25] Though winds around the edge of the spot peak at ~120 metres per second (432 kilometres per hour), currents inside it seem stagnant, with little inflow or outflow.[26] The rotation period of the spot has decreased with time, perhaps as a direct result of its steady reduction in size.[27]

 
Color animation of Jupiter's cloud motion.

The Great Red Spot's latitude has been stable for the duration of good observational records, typically varying by about a degree. Its longitude, however, is subject to constant variation.[28][29] Because Jupiter does not rotate uniformly at all latitudes, astronomers have defined three different systems for defining the longitude. System II is used for latitudes of more than 10°, and was originally based on the average rotational period of the Great Red Spot of 9h 55m 42s.[30][31] Despite this, however, the spot has "lapped" the planet in System II at least 10 times since the early nineteenth century. Its drift rate has changed dramatically over the years and has been linked to the brightness of the South Equatorial Belt, and the presence or absence of a South Tropical Disturbance.[32]

 
Closeup detail of the Great Red Spot taken by NASA's Juno on July 11, 2017

It is not known exactly what causes the Great Red Spot's reddish color. Theories supported by laboratory experiments suppose that the color may be caused by complex organic molecules, red phosphorus, or a compound containing sulphur, but a consensus has yet to be reached.[citation needed]

The Great Red Spot varies greatly in hue, from almost brick-red to pale salmon, or even white. In fact, the spot occasionally "disappears", becoming evident only through the Red Spot Hollow, which is its niche[clarify] in the South Equatorial Belt (SEB). Its visibility is apparently coupled to the SEB; when the belt is bright white, the spot tends to be dark, and when it is dark, the spot is usually light. These periods when the spot is dark or light occur at irregular intervals; as of 1997, during the preceding 50 years, the spot was darkest in the periods 1961–1966, 1968–1975, 1989–1990, and 1992–1993.[6]

Mechanical dynamics

There is no definitive theory as to what causes the formation or color of the Great Red Spot. Laboratory studies are examining the effects that cosmic rays or UV Light from the Sun have on the chemical composition of the clouds of Jupiter. One question is whether the Sun's radiation reacts with ammonium hydrosulfide in the planet's outer atmosphere to create the deep red color.[33] Research has shown that the storm produces extreme amounts of heat because it simultaneously generates gravity waves and acoustic waves. When these turbulent energy waves collide 500 mi (800 km) above the red spot, they create extremely high temperatures in the planet's upper atmosphere. The effect is described as being like "crashing [..] ocean waves on a beach".[34] The reason the storm has continued to exist for centuries is that there is no planetary surface to provide friction (only a liquid core of hydrogen); circulating gas eddies persist for a very long time in the atmosphere because there is nothing to oppose their angular momentum.[35]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Chang, Kenneth (13 December 2017). "The Great Red Spot Descends Deep Into Jupiter". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  2. ^ Editors. "Great Red Spot". ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA. Retrieved 4 December 2018. {{cite web}}: |author1= has generic name (help)
  3. ^ Staff (2007). "Jupiter Data Sheet – SPACE.coma". Imaginova. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  4. ^ Anonymous. "The Solar System - The Planet Jupiter – The Great Red Spot". Dept. Physics & Astronomy – University of Tennessee. Retrieved 2015-08-30.
  5. ^ Karl Hille (August 4, 2015). "Jupiter's Great Red Spot: A Swirling Mystery". NASA. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
  6. ^ a b Beebe (1997), 38-41.
  7. ^ Rogers (1995), 6.
  8. ^ Rogers (1995), 188.
  9. ^ Staff (2003). "Astronomical Observations: Donato Creti". Vatican Museums. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
  10. ^ a b Hockey (1999), 40-1.
  11. ^ Smith et al (1979), 951-972.
  12. ^ Beatty, J. Kelly (2002). "Jupiter's Shrinking Red Spot". Sky and Telescope. 103 (4): 24. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
  13. ^ Sanchez-Lavega, A.; et al. (February 2001). "The Merger of Two Giant Anticyclones in the Atmosphere of Jupiter". Icarus. 149 (2): 491–495. Bibcode:2001Icar..149..491S. doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6548.
  14. ^ Sanchez-Lavega, A.; Orton, G.S.; Morales R.; et al. (2001). "The Merger of Two Giant Anticyclones in the Atmosphere of Jupiter". Icarus. 149 (2): 491–495.Bibcode:2001Icar..149..491S. doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6548
  15. ^ Phillips, Tony. "Huge Storms Converge". Science@NASA. Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. Retrieved 2007-01-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Michaud, Peter. "Gemini Captures Close Encounter of Jupiter's Red Spots". Gemini Observatory. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
  17. ^ Shiga, David. "Third red spot erupts on Jupiter". New Scientist. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
  18. ^ Phillips, Tony. "The Great Dark Spot". Science at NASA. Archived from the original on 2007-06-15. Retrieved 2007-06-20. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Becker, Rachel (2017-07-12). "NASA just released Juno's first stunning close-ups of Jupiter's giant storm". The Verge. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
  20. ^ Smith et al (1979), 954.
  21. ^ Perez, Martin (2017-07-12). "NASA's Juno Spacecraft Spots Jupiter's Great Red Spot". NASA. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
  22. ^ Rogers (1995), 191.
  23. ^ Tricia Talbert (July 30, 2016). "Jupiter's Great Red Spot Likely a Massive Heat Source". NASA. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  24. ^ Rogers (1995), 194-6.
  25. ^ Beebe (1997), 35.
  26. ^ Rogers (1995), 195.
  27. ^ Rogers, John. "Interim reports on STB (Oval BA passing GRS), STropB, GRS (internal rotation measured), EZ(S. Eq. Disturbance; dramatic darkening; NEB interactions), & NNTB". British Astronomical Association. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
  28. ^ Reese, Elmer J.; Solberg, H. Gordon (1966). "Recent measures of the latitude and longitude of Jupiter's red spot". Icarus. 5 (1–6): 266–273. Bibcode:1966Icar....5..266R. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(66)90036-4.
  29. ^ Rogers (1995), 192-3.
  30. ^ Stone, Peter H. (1974). "On Jupiter's Rate of Rotation" (PDF). Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 31 (5): 1471–1472. Bibcode:1974JAtS...31.1471S. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1471:OJROR>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
  31. ^ Rogers (1995), 48, 193.
  32. ^ Rogers (1995), 193.
  33. ^ "Jupiter's Great Red Spot: A Swirling Mystery". NASA. August 4, 2015.
  34. ^ "Jupiter's Great Red Spot Likely a Massive Heat Source". NASA. July 27, 2016.
  35. ^ "Jupiter's Atmosphere and Great Red Spot". www.astrophysicsspectator.com. November 24, 2004.

References

  • [Numerous authors] (1999). Beatty, Kelly J.; Peterson, Carolyn Collins; Chaiki, Andrew (eds.). The New Solar System (4th ed.). Massachusetts: Sky Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-0933346864.
  • Beebe, Reta (1997). Jupiter the Giant Planet (2nd ed.). Washington: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 978-1560986850.
  • Hockey, Thomas (1999). Galileo's Planet: Observing Jupiter Before Photography. Bristol, Philadelphia: IOP Publishing. ISBN 978-0750304481.
  • Peek, Bertrand M. (1981). The Planet Jupiter: The Observer's Handbook (Revised ed.). London: Faber and Faber Limited. ISBN 978-0571180264.
  • Rogers, John H. (1995). The Giant Planet Jupiter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521410083.
  • Smith, B. A.; et al. (1979). "The Jupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1". Science. 204 (4396): 951–957, 960–972. Bibcode:1979Sci...204..951S. doi:10.1126/science.204.4396.951. PMID 17800430.
 
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