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Edward Snowden

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Edward Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983)[1] is an American former technical contractor and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee, who worked as a contractor for the National Security Agency (NSA) before disclosing details of a classified NSA spy program to the press.[3][4] Snowden released classified material on top-secret NSA programs including the PRISM surveillance program to The Guardian and The Washington Post in June 2013.[4][5][6][7][8]

Edward Snowden
Edward Snowden
Edward Snowden
Born
Edward Joseph Snowden

(1983-06-21) June 21, 1983 (age 41)[1]
Elizabeth City, North Carolina, United States
StatusIn hiding, last known whereabouts: Hong Kong[2]
NationalityUnited States
OccupationSystem administrator
Known forPRISM whistleblower

Snowden said his disclosure of PRISM and FISA orders related to NSA data capture efforts was an effort to expose what he believes is excessive government surveillance of the American people.

Biography

Family and education

Edward Snowden was born in Elizabeth City, North Carolina.[9] His father, a resident of Pennsylvania, was an officer in the United States Coast Guard;[10] and his mother, a resident of Baltimore, Maryland, is a clerk at the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland.[11][9] He has an older sister, an attorney.[9]

By 1999, Snowden had moved with his family to Ellicott City, Maryland, where he studied computing at Anne Arundel Community College[9] in order to gain the credits necessary to obtain a high school diploma, but he did not complete the coursework.[12] He later obtained a GED.[8][13]

Before leaving for Hong Kong, Snowden was residing in Waipahu, Oahu, Hawaii, with his girlfriend.[14]

Career

On 7 May 2004, Snowden enlisted in the United States Army with the hope of eventually joining the Special Forces.[1] He said, "I wanted to fight in the Iraq war because I felt like I had an obligation as a human being to help free people from oppression"[8] but was discharged just months later on September 28 after breaking both of his legs in a training accident. His next employment was as a National Security Agency (NSA) security guard for a covert facility at the University of Maryland,[15] before joining the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to work on IT security.[16]

In 2007, the CIA stationed him with diplomatic cover in Geneva, Switzerland, where he was responsible for maintaining computer network security.[17] Snowden left the agency in 2009 for a private contractor inside an NSA facility on a United States military base in Japan.[8]

At the time of his departure from the US in May 2013, he had been working for defense contractor Booz Allen Hamilton for less than three months as a system administrator inside the NSA in Hawaii.[18][19] He described his life as "very comfortable," earning a salary of "roughly US$200,000."[8] He was fired on June 10 from Booz Allen Hamilton "for violations of the firm's code of ethics and firm policy."[20]

Personal views

The Guardian describes Snowden as intensely passionate about the value of privacy; his laptop displays stickers supporting internet freedom organizations including the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and the Tor Project.[8] In the 2008 presidential election, Snowden voted for third-party candidates. He said he "believed in Obama's promises," yet "he continued with the policies of his predecessor."[21] For the 2012 election, political donation records indicate that he contributed to the primary campaign of Ron Paul.[22] Snowden had a small digital footprint. Within 24 hours of revealing himself, according to Paul Lewis and Karen McVeigh of The Guardian, the footprint included the "barest details about his family" and that there were no new photographs, no Facebook and Twitter status updates "if indeed Snowden had any" and no interviews with associates from high school.[23]

PRISM whistleblowing

Main article: PRISM (surveillance program)

Media disclosures about PRISM

File:The Guardian front page 10 June 2013.jpg
Snowden's identity revealed in The Guardian, June 10, 2013

Snowden first made contact with documentary filmmaker Laura Poitras in January 2013.[24] According to Poitras, Snowden chose to contact her after seeing her report on William Binney, a fellow NSA whistleblower, in The New York Times. She is a board member of the Freedom of the Press Foundation, along with journalist Glenn Greenwald and renowned whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg.[25] Greenwald, reporting for The Guardian, claims to have been working with Snowden since February,[26] and Barton Gellman, writing for The Washington Post, says his first "direct contact" was on May 16.[27] However, Gellman alleges Greenwald was only involved after the Post declined to guarantee publication of the full documents within 72 hours.[27]

Snowden communicated using encrypted email,[24] using the codename "Verax", meaning truth-teller in Latin. He asked not to be quoted at length for fear of identification by semantic analysis.[27]

According to Gellman, prior to their first meeting in person, Snowden wrote, "I understand that I will be made to suffer for my actions, and that the return of this information to the public marks my end."[27] Snowden also told Gellman that until the articles were published, the journalists working with him would also be at risk from the U.S. intelligence community, whom Snowden said "will most certainly kill you if they think you are the single point of failure that could stop this disclosure and make them the sole owner of this information."[27]

The Washington Post reported that the motive behind the disclosure was to expose the "surveillance state" that he felt the United States was becoming.[3]

I don't want to live in a society that does these sort of things … I do not want to live in a world where everything I do and say is recorded.

— Edward Snowden, speaking to The Guardian in June 2013[21]

Timeline

In May 2013, Snowden was permitted temporary leave from his position at the NSA in Hawaii, on the pretext of receiving treatment for his epilepsy.[8] According to local real estate agents, Snowden and his girlfriend moved out of their home on May 1, leaving nothing behind.[12]

On May 20, Snowden flew to the Chinese territory of Hong Kong and began living in a hotel room at The Mira.[28][29]

On June 6, Gellman quotes Snowden as having "jitters", and saying that "the police already visited my house [in Hawaii] this morning".[27] The PRISM revelations were published by The Washington Post later that day, followed 20 minutes later by The Guardian.[26]

Snowden's identity was made public by The Guardian at his request,[26] on June 9. He explained his reasoning for forgoing anonymity: "I have no intention of hiding who I am because I know I have done nothing wrong."[8]

On June 10, staff at the The Mira hotel reported that Snowden checked out at noon.[28][30] Greenwald said that while Snowden was using personal savings, money is "probably very low" on his "long list of worries".[31]

Quest for political asylum

Snowden has said that he has a "predisposition to seek asylum in a country with shared values," and that his ideal choice would be Iceland.[7][8] The International Modern Media Institute, an Icelandic freedom of speech advocacy organisation, on the day his identity was revealed issued a statement offering Snowden legal advice and assistance in gaining asylum.[32] However, Kristin Arnadottir, the Icelandic ambassador to China, pointed out that an asylum cannot be granted to Snowden because Icelandic law requires such applications be made from within the country.[33]

Hong Kong legislator and former Secretary for Security Regina Ip had advised Snowden to leave the territory or face extradition to United States;[34] however, New York University law professor Jerome A. Cohen noted that a Hong Kong court might find that Snowden's case fell under the political offence exception to the extradition treaty.[35]

Dmitry Peskov, the press attaché for the Russian president, has suggested Russia's willingness to open the discussion on asylum upon Snowden’s request.[36][37]

In Austria, the Pirate Party of Austria, as well as politicians Peter Pilz (The Greens) and Jörg Leichtfried (Social Democratic Party of Austria) demanded that Snowden be granted political asylum.[38]

Reactions

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Government

The National Security Agency has requested a criminal probe into Snowden's actions from the United States Department of Justice. James R. Clapper, Director of National Intelligence, said that his "reckless disclosures" have resulted in "significant misimpressions" in the media.[39] Speaking before Snowden was named, chairman of the US Select Committee on Intelligence Mike Rogers said of the whistleblowers: "I absolutely think they should be prosecuted."[40]

Former employers

Snowden's employer Booz Allen Hamilton released a statement on 9 June condemning his actions as "shocking" and "a grave violation of the code of conduct and core values of our firm."[18] The statement emphasized his short-term involvement with the firm, and disputed his claimed salary of US$200,000, instead suggesting US$122,000 as the correct figure.[41] Booz Allen Hamilton's stock value dropped after Snowden's association with them became public knowledge.[42] The company terminated Snowden's employment on 10 June.[43]

A spokesperson for Dell declined to comment on Snowden's claimed past employment with the firm.[44][9]

Political figures

Daniel Ellsberg, the whistleblower and leaker of the top-secret Pentagon Papers in 1971, stated in an interview with CNN that he thought Snowden had done an "incalculable" service to his country and that his leaks might prevent America from becoming a surveillance state. He said Snowden had acted with the same sort of courage and patriotism as a soldier in battle.[45] In an op-ed the following morning, Ellsberg added that "there has not been in American history a more important leak than Edward Snowden's release of NSA material – and that includes the Pentagon Papers, for which I was responsible 40 years ago."[46] Ray McGovern, a retired CIA officer who presented White House intelligence briefs for multiple presidents, said he agreed with Ellsberg in an interview where he also said "that this time today I'm feeling much more hopeful for our democracy that I was feeling this time yesterday".[47]

Julian Assange praised and lauded Snowden, calling him a "hero" who has exposed "one of the most serious events of the decade – the creeping formulation of a mass surveillance state".[48] Journalist Glenn Greenwald has also praised Snowden.[49] The ACLU has sued the Obama administration over the issue of NSA surveillance.[50]

Several prominent political figures across the political spectrum have praised Edward Snowden for exposing secret government surveillance to the public. These include Chris Hedges,[51] Michael Moore[52] and Senator Bernie Sanders[53] on the left; and Glenn Beck,[52] Matt Drudge,[53] Alex Jones,[54] Rand Paul,[55] Ron Paul,[56] and Michael Savage of conservative and libertarian convictions.

Representative Thomas Massie said: "I’m not a lawyer, but based on what I know so far, I don’t think he should be prosecuted,” and “If someone reports illegal activity as a whistle-blower, they shouldn’t be prosecuted. Whether or not this program was authorized by Congress, it seems to me that this is an unconstitutional activity.” He added: “...Which would make it illegal, and he should have some kind of immunity.”[57] Sen. Ted Cruz said “If it is the case that the federal government is seizing millions of personal records about law-abiding citizens, and if it is the case that there are minimal restrictions on accessing or reviewing those records, then I think Mr. Snowden has done a considerable public service by bringing it to light.””[58]

In response to the NSA scandal there has been a push from some members of Congress to push for new legislation. Sen. Rand Paul has introduced the Fourth Amendment Restoration Act.[59] Free Flow of Information Act of 2013, a new federal shield law has revived bipartisan support with cosponsors such as Rep. John Conyers, Rep. Blake Farenthold, Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee, Rep. Jerrold Nadler, Rep. Ted Poe, and Rep. Trey Radel.[60] Sen. Mike Lee and Sen. Jeff Merkley introduced legislation to declassify significant portions of secret court rulings that authorized both programs.[61] Rep. Justin Amash said wants to “Lincoln-Douglass style” debate with Barrack Obama over the issue of the surveillance state.[62]

The following U.S. politicians have called for arrest of Edward Snowden: Senators Dianne Feinstein,[63] Lindsey Graham,[64] Bob Menendez, Bill Nelson, and John Thune;[65][57] Speaker of the House John Boehner,[66] House Majority Leader Eric Cantor,[67] and Representatives Mike Rogers[68] and Peter King.[69]

Peter King, formerly the chairman of the House Homeland Security Committee, called for Snowden's extradition from Hong Kong, with which the United States has an extradition treaty but with exclusions for political offenses.[70]

Press and public

Amy Davidson, writing in The New Yorker, said Snowden "is the reason our country has, in the last week, been having a conversation on privacy and the limits of domestic surveillance. That was overdue, and one wishes it had been prompted by self-examination on the part of the Obama Administration or real oversight by Congress."[71]

New York Times columnist David Brooks accused Snowden of betraying the constitution, stating that "the founders did not create the United States so that some solitary 29-year-old could make unilateral decisions about what should be exposed."[72]

German online magazine Spiegel Online reviewed Snowden's action in an article titled "Die Neuen Weltverbesserer".[73]

Shortly after Snowden revealed his identity, a petition[74] was posted on the White House website, asking for "a full, free, and absolute pardon for any crimes [Snowden] has committed or may have committed related to blowing the whistle on secret NSA surveillance programs."[75][76] Within 48 hours, the petition had gathered more than 30,000 signatures.[77]

On Sina Weibo, a Chinese internet service, most users supported Snowden. On the service many asked the Government of Hong Kong to refuse any extradition requests from the United States for Snowden.[78]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Edward Snowden, leaker of U.S. spy program documents, faces hard choices while in hiding - CBS News
  3. ^ a b Gellman, Barton; Markon, Jerry (9 June 2013). "Edward Snowden says motive behind leaks was to expose 'surveillance state'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 June 2013. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  4. ^ a b Gellman, Barton; Blake, Aaron; Miller, Greg (9 June 2013). "Edward Snowden comes forward as source of NSA leaks". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  5. ^ Smith, Matt (9 June 2013). "NSA leaker comes forward, warns of agency's 'existential threat'". CNN. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
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  14. ^ Malkin, Bonnie (11 June 2013). "Edward Snowden's girlfriend revealed to be former ballet dancer". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
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  36. ^ "若有请求俄罗斯将探讨给予美国人斯诺丁政治庇护问题" (in Chinese). 俄罗斯之声 (radiovr.com.cn). 11 June 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
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  74. ^ Pardon Edward Snowden | We the People: Your Voice in Our Government
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  78. ^ Hume, Tim. "Chinese Internet users back Snowden, call on government to 'protect' him." CNN. Tuesday June 11, 2013.

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