Wikipedia

World Rally Championship

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 2a00:23c8:9fae:1c01:fd6f:856f:cea7:4401 (talk) at 16:03, 27 May 2024. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For the video game series, see WRC (video game series).

The World Rally Championship (abbreviated as WRC) is an international rallying series owned and governed by the FIA. Inaugurated in 1973, it is the second oldest of the FIA's world championships after Formula One. Each season lasts one calendar year, and separate championship titles are awarded to drivers, co-drivers and manufacturers. There are also two support championships, WRC2 and WRC3, which are contested on the same events and stages as the WRC, but with progressively lower maximum performance and running costs of the cars permitted. Junior WRC is also contested on five events of the World Rally Championship calendar.[1][2][3][4]

World Rally Championship
CategoryRallying
CountryInternational
Inaugural season1973
Manufacturers3
Tyre suppliersPirelli
Drivers' championFinland Kalle Rovanperä
Co-Drivers' championFinland Jonne Halttunen
Manufacturers' championJapan Toyota
Official websiteWRC.com
Current season

A WRC season typically consists of 13 three- to four-day rally events driven on surfaces ranging from gravel and tarmac to snow and ice. Each rally is usually split into 15–25 special stages which are run against the clock on up to 350 kilometres (220 mi) of closed roads.[5][6]

Rallies that have frequently appeared in the championship have included Monte Carlo Rally, Tour de Corse, Sanremo, Acropolis, Safari Rally, and national rallies of Great Britain, Finland, New Zealand, Portugal, Australia and Argentina. Hyundai, Toyota and M-Sport Ford are the current competing manufacturers. Amongst their leading drivers are Sébastien Ogier, Thierry Neuville, Adrien Fourmaux, Ott Tänak, Dani Sordo, Elfyn Evans, Matt Rees and Kalle Rovanperä.

The championships

 
Volkswagen, champions of the WRC for Manufacturers, 2014

World Rally Championship for Manufacturers

Manufacturers must register to be eligible to score in the World Rally Championship for Manufacturers and must compete in every rally of the season with Group Rally1 specification cars (World Rally Car between 1997 and 2021).

As the manufacturers use the highest performance car and usually employ the best drivers it is usually the case that these crews and cars take the majority of drivers/co-drivers championship points. Thus, combined with the money invested by the manufacturer teams, promotion of the WRC only tends to include the manufacturer crews and privateers in the Rally1 car or World Rally Car. These crews are given Priority 1 (P1) status on rallies and contest the stages before other crews. However it is not unusual for competitors in lower performance cars to take points in the drivers or co-driver's championships.[7]

World Rally Championships for Drivers and Co-Drivers

Any crew entering any WRC rally are eligible to score points in the overall World Rally Championship for Drivers and World Rally Championship for Co-Drivers. This is regardless of car technical class, number of rallies entered or if they are also entered into the support championships. Although co-drivers are permitted to drive the cars at any point during the rally, they must only do so under a 'force majeure'.

Support championships

The World Rally Championship also features support championships called WRC2 and WRC3. These championships are contested on the same events and stages as the WRC calendar and have tighter restrictions on eligible car criteria.

WRC2

Main article: WRC2

WRC2 is contested using only Rally2 cars with championships for drivers, co-drivers and teams. Drivers and co-drivers can enter a maximum of 7 events and their best 6 results will count towards their championship tally. Teams must enter two cars into a maximum of 7 events, only 5 of 6 events entered in Europe will score, with points from a 7th rally entered outside Europe also scoring points towards the championship tally. Power stage points are also awarded. Drivers, co-drivers and teams must all nominate if they wish to be eligible for championship points before a rally and can do so independently. For that reason the same crew pair in the same team may compete in all events in a season yet nominate and score points in different events. Crews competing in WRC2 are given Priority 2 status and run the stages immediately after P1 crews. WRC2 replaced SWRC when Group R was introduced in 2013 and the eligibility rules relaxed.

In 2023, WRC2 Challenger Driver and Co-Driver Championships will run for WRC2 drivers who have not won the series before, or who have not driven for a manufacturer entry in the previous 5 years.

WRC3

Main article: WRC3

WRC3 is contested using only Group Rally3 cars (Group Rally2 in 2020 and 2021), with championships for drivers and co-drivers. Designed for privateer drivers, WRC3 has lower entry costs than WRC2 and there are restrictions on who can enter, testing and professional support received. Drivers and co-drivers can enter up to 5 rallies with their best 4 scoring championship points, and scoring rounds must also be nominated beforehand. Between 2013 and 2018, the championship was contested using two wheel drive cars from R1, R2 and R3 classes of Group R. No championship ran in 2019 but was reinstated in its current format in 2020. Crews competing in WRC3 are given Priority 3 status to run after the WRC2 crews.

Junior WRC

Main article: Junior WRC
 
Dennis Rådström, Junior WRC, Rally Sweden 2020

Junior WRC is an arrive-and-drive format championship run over 5 events of the WRC calendar using Ford Fiesta Rally3 cars provided by M-Sport. Drivers have to be under 29 and must register. Championship titles are awarded to drivers and co-drivers, though there is no age restriction for co-drivers.

The Junior World Rally Championship was previously an open championship for younger drivers in S1600 cars from 2001. In 2011 it became a closed FIA sanctioned championship run by either M-Sport or Citroën in the current format. Ford Fiesta R2/Rally4 or Citroën DS3 R3 cars were provided, maintained and serviced for each entrant. Championships were awarded to drivers, co-drivers and nations. Only 5 rounds of the WRC calendar were competed with the best 4 results counting towards championship points, although the final round was worth double points. The highest scoring driver from each country registered points for the nations championship. Uniquely for this series, points were also awarded for stage wins.

WRC Masters Cup

In 2023 the FIA WRC Masters Cup will run for the first time. The cup is open to drivers and co-drivers over 50 years of age and may enter in any WRC eligible car except Rally1. The cup effectively replaces WRC2 Masters Cup which ran in 2022 for WRC2 entrants of the same criteria.

Discontinued support championships

  • The WRC Academy was an alternative name for Junior WRC between 2011 and 2012, the first years the championship became a one-make series before reverting to the Junior WRC name.
  • The World Rally Championship Ladies Cup ran from 1990 to 1995 and could be won by any class of car. Louise Aitken-Walker was the first winner.[8]
  • The 2-Litre World Rally Cup ran from 1993 to 1999 using front wheel drive cars with engine capacities up to 2000cc. With relaxed rules the cars could often outpace the Group A and World Rally Cars of the main category. The series was abandoned due to high costs and the Super 2000 and Super 1600 specification cars that the series inspired later became the origins for SWRC and JWRC.
  • The Super 2000 World Rally Championship (S-WRC) was started in 2010 using Super 2000 category cars.[12] There were competitions for drivers (known as the S-WRC) and another for teams (the World Rally Championship Cup). From 2013, WRC2 replaced S-WRC and including cars with four-wheel drive (R5, R4 and S2000).[10][11]
  • The WRC Trophy was run in 2017 for privateers entering with older World Rally Cars when the new WRC+ was introduced. Crews were eligible to enter up to seven rounds of the World Rally Championship, with their best six results counting towards their final points tally in the trophy.[13][14] WRC Trophy entrants were still eligible to score World Rally Championship points separately to the WRC Trophy.[15] The Trophy was discontinued after the 2017 season.
  • WRC 2 Pro ran only in 2019 and was open to manufacturer-supported teams entering cars complying with Group R5 regulations.[16] It was replaced in 2020 with the Rally2 based WRC3.

One-make series tournaments have also run on select rounds of the WRC calendar. They were privately administered rally tournaments but permitted to run on the rallies alongside the WRC. Examples include the Ford Fiesta Sporting Trophy (2006, 2007 and 2009) and DMACK Fiesta Trophy (2014–2016), both run by M-Sport, and Citroën Top Driver (2013) run by Citroën. Neither team held these tournaments in the years they had the rights to manage the JWRC on the FIA's behalf.

Evolution of the WRC Championships
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
Overall Championships Manufacturers
FIA Cup Drivers and Co-Drivers
Support Championships PWRC WRC 3 (2WD) WRC 3
JWRC JWRC
2 Litre Cup SWRC WRC 2

History

Early

 
Group 4 Lancia Stratos HF

The World Rally Championship was formed from well-known international rallies, nine of which were previously part of the International Championship for Manufacturers (IMC), which was contested from 1970 to 1972. The 1973 World Rally Championship was the inaugural season of the WRC and began with the Monte Carlo Rally on 19 January.

Alpine-Renault won the first manufacturer's world championship with its Alpine A110, after which Lancia took the title three years in a row with the Ferrari V6-powered Lancia Stratos HF, the first car designed and manufactured specifically for rallying. The first drivers' world championship was not awarded until 1979, although 1977 and 1978 seasons included an FIA Cup for Drivers, won by Italy's Sandro Munari and Finland's Markku Alén respectively. Sweden's Björn Waldegård became the first official world champion, edging out Finland's Hannu Mikkola by one point. Fiat took the manufacturers' title with the Fiat 131 Abarth in 1977, 1978 and 1980, Ford with its Escort RS1800 in 1979 and Talbot with its Sunbeam Lotus in 1981. Waldegård was followed by German Walter Röhrl and Finn Ari Vatanen as drivers' world champions.

Group B era

 
Group B Audi Quattro S1

The 1980s saw the rear-wheel-drive Group 2 and the more popular Group 4 cars be replaced by more powerful four-wheel-drive Group B cars. FISA legalized all-wheel-drive in 1979, but most manufacturers believed it was too complex to be successful. However, after Audi started entering Mikkola and the new four-wheel-drive Quattro in rallies for testing purposes with immediate success, other manufacturers started their all-wheel-drive projects. Group B regulations were introduced in the 1982, and with only a few restrictions allowed almost unlimited power. Audi took the manufacturers' title in 1982 and 1984 and drivers' title in 1983 (Mikkola) and 1984 (Stig Blomqvist). Audi's French female driver Michèle Mouton and her co-driver Fabrizia Pons came close to winning the title in 1982, but had to settle for second place after Opel rival Röhrl. The 1985 title seemed set to go to Vatanen and his Peugeot 205 T16 but a bad accident at the Rally Argentina left him to watch compatriot and teammate Timo Salonen take the title instead. Italian Attilio Bettega had an even more severe crash with his Lancia 037 at the Tour de Corse and died instantly.

The 1986 season started with impressive performances by Finns Henri Toivonen and Alén in Lancia's new turbo- and supercharged Delta S4, which could reportedly accelerate from 0–60 mph (96 km/h) in 2.3 seconds, on a gravel road.[17] However, the season soon took a dramatic turn. At the Rally Portugal, three spectators were killed and over 30 injured after Joaquim Santos lost control of his Ford RS200. At the Tour de Corse, championship favourite Toivonen and his co-driver Sergio Cresto died in a fireball accident after plunging down a cliff. Only hours after the crash, Jean-Marie Balestre and the FISA decided to freeze the development of the Group B cars and ban them from competing in 1987. More controversy followed when Peugeot's Juha Kankkunen won the title after FIA annulled the results of the San Remo Rally, taking the title from fellow Finn Markku Alén.

Group A era

 
Group A Lancia Delta HF Integrale. With 10 manufacturers' championship titles, including 6 won consecutively, Lancia has more than any other marque.

As the planned Group S was also cancelled, Group A regulations became the standard in the WRC until 1997. A separate Group A championship had been organized as part of the WRC already in 1986, with Sweden's Kenneth Eriksson taking the title with a Volkswagen Golf GTI 16V.[18] Lancia was quickest in adapting to the new regulations and controlled the world rally scene with Lancia Delta HF, winning the manufacturers' title six years in a row from 1987 to 1992 and remains the most successful marque in the history of the WRC. Kankkunen and Miki Biasion both took two drivers' titles with the Lancia Delta HF. The 1990s then saw the Japanese manufacturers, Toyota, Subaru and Mitsubishi, become title favourites. Spain's Carlos Sainz driving for Toyota Team Europe took the 1990 and 1992 titles with a Toyota Celica GT-Four. Kankkunen moved to Toyota for the 1993 season and won his record fourth title, with Toyota taking its first manufacturers' crown. Frenchman Didier Auriol brought the team further success in 1994, and soon Subaru and Mitsubishi continued the success of the Japanese manufacturers. Scotsman Colin McRae won the drivers' world championship in 1995 and Subaru took the manufacturers' title three years in a row. Finland's Tommi Mäkinen driving a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution won the drivers' championship four times in a row, from 1996 to 1999. Mitsubishi also won the manufacturers' title in 1998. Another notable car was the Ford Escort RS Cosworth, which was specifically designed for rallying. It was the first production car to produce downforce both at front and rear.

World Rally Car era

 
Richard Burns in his Subaru Impreza WRC after a Finnish stage

For the 1997 World Rally Championship, the World Rally Car regulations were introduced as an intended replacement for Group A (only successive works Mitsubishis still conforming to the latter formula; until they, too, homologated a Lancer Evolution WRC from the 2001 San Remo Rally). After the success of Mäkinen and the Japanese manufacturers, France's Peugeot made a very successful return to the World Rally Championship. Finn Marcus Grönholm took the drivers' title in his first full year in the series and Peugeot won the manufacturers' crown. England's Richard Burns won the 2001 title with a Subaru Impreza WRC, but Grönholm and Peugeot took back both titles in the 2002. 2003 saw Norway's Petter Solberg become drivers' champion for Subaru and Citroën continue the success of the French manufacturers. Citroën's Sébastien Loeb went on to control the following seasons with his Citroën Xsara WRC. Citroën took the manufacturers' title three times in a row and Loeb surpassed Mäkinen's record of four consecutive drivers' titles, earning his ninth consecutive championship in 2012. Suzuki and Subaru pulled out of the WRC at the end of the 2008 championship, both citing the economic downturn then affecting the automotive industry for their withdrawal.[citation needed] Mini and Ford both pulled out of the WRC at the end of the 2012 championship, due to a similar economic downturn affecting the European market, although Ford continued to give technical support to M-Sport. Volkswagen Motorsport entered the championship in 2013 and Sebastien Ogier dominated the series with six consecutive titles. Hyundai also returned to the series in 2014. New World Rally Car rules were introduced for 2017 which generated faster and more aggressive cars.

In 2018, Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT won the World Rally Championship earning Toyota their first manufacturers' title since 1999.[19] With Tommi Mäkinen heading the team, he became the first person in the history of rally driving to win a Championship both as a driver and as a team principal.[20] At the end of the following year, Citroën withdrew from the championship after Ogier left the team. Ott Tänak took the driver's title breaking the French Sebastien's (Loeb and Ogier) domination of the sport since 2004. Hyundai meanwhile, took the manufacturers championship title and repeated the success in 2020. Ogier returned to championship winning ways for 2020 and 2021 in a Toyota Yaris, though vowed that the new era of Rally1 would not be fully contested by himself. WRC said goodbye to the World Rally Car in 2021 after 25 years.

Format and structure

Calendar

See also: List of World Rally Championship rallies

Each WRC season consists of a number of rounds within the same calendar year and should ordinarily include rallies on a minimum of 3 continents.[21] In the past the championship has visited every continent except Antarctica. Most recently there have been about 13 rallies though there have been as few as 7 such as in 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic. The rallies are typically driven on surfaces ranging from gravel and tarmac to snow and ice.

Rallies

 
Ford Focus RS WRC on a road section, Rally de France Alsace 2010
Main article: Rallying

The competitive special stages are driven on closed roads which are linked by non-competitive road sections known as liaisons. These roads are open to the public and all road laws of that country must be adhered to. The liaison routes are detailed in a road book given to each crew and must also be adhered to within a specified time limit to arrive at the next stage or time control point or else they face penalties. To help organise this, crews carry a timecard which is filled in at each time control or special stage by an official. An average day consists of a total of 400 kilometres (250 mi) of driving.[22]

 
Cardiff Millennium Stadium super special stage, Wales Rally GB 2006

In the current era each rally usually consists of between fifteen and thirty special stages of distances ranging from under 2 km (1.2 mi) to over 50 kilometres (31 mi), not totalling more than 350 kilometres (220 mi).[7] Any stage which deviates from the character of the rally or ordinary running of a special stage is known as a super special stage. These are often short and for spectators or promotional purposes and may be on a different surface such as asphalt on a gravel character rally, or they may be a head-to-head running where two cars start at the same time at different points in a loop format.

Since 2021 rallies must consist of only one surface type except where short super special stages are permitted that do not require a change in the car's setup. In the past some rallies such as Sanremo or Rally Spain have had one day of gravel followed by another day of asphalt stages, requiring substantial changes in the setup of the car. Asphalt setups have 18" wheels compared to 13" on gravel or snow, combined with changes needed to the differentials, suspension travel and geometry.

A WRC event begins with reconnaissance (recce) on Tuesday and Wednesday, allowing crews to drive through the stages and create or update their pace notes. On Thursday, teams can run through the shakedown stage to practice and test their set-ups. The competition typically begins on either Thursday evening or Friday morning and ends on Sunday with the Power Stage. Cars start the stages at two-minute intervals in clear weather, or three-minute intervals if it is decided that visibility may be a problem for competitors.

 
Mitsubishi service park at the 2005 Cyprus Rally

Each rally has one central service park where the cars are prepared and repaired if needed at the end of each loop and leg, however some rallies may organise a remote service and/or tyre fitting zone nearer to the stages during a leg. How much time can be spent working on the car once the rally has started is outlined in the rally's itinerary. Between the days, after a final end of day service, cars are locked away in parc fermé,[22] a quarantine environment where teams are not permitted to access or work on their cars.

Championship points

Points are awarded at the completion of each rally and contribute towards the world championship classifications, and those with the most points at the end of the season are given the championship titles. Up to the 2023 season, points were awarded to the top positions in the overall final classification of each rally, and from 2011, extra points for the Power Stage were introduced. A new points system was introduced for the 2024 season which did not include results in the final classification.[23]

The driver's championship and manufacturer's championship are separate but based on a similar point system. Manufacturers must nominate up to three crews to be eligible for manufacturer championship points before an event. The two fastest nominated crews from each manufacturer form a new classification for the purpose of awarding manufacturer points. Retired crews cannot score points unless they have restarted and it is not unusual for a crew to finish far down the overall classification yet still score manufacturers points.

A driver can win the driver's championship driving one car yet a different manufacturer can win the manufacturer's championship which has occurred on several occasions, most recently in 2018, 2019 and 2020.

Power Stage

Main article: Power Stage

First introduced in 2011, the "Power Stage" is the final stage of the rally and is typically televised live and immediately followed by the rally's podium celebrations. Additional World Championship points are available to the five fastest drivers and co-drivers through the stage regardless of where they actually finish in the rally. The fastest team receiving five points, the second-fastest receiving four points, etc. and the fifth-fastest receiving one. In 2021 manufacturers began scoring power stage points following a similar system to the classification points, where only the top two nominated from each team can be eligible. Ordinary Special Stages are timed with an accuracy to the tenth of a second, the "Power Stage" timing is to the thousandth of a second.[24]

Restarting after retirement

Crews are permitted to restart the following day if they are forced to retire. For each stage not completed however, a ten-minute penalty plus the winning stage time in the same priority group is added to the overall time. Originally known as SuperRally when introduced and later renamed Rally 2, the rules allow for a better return on investment for competitors and more action for spectators. The Rally 2 name was dropped in 2019 as restarting became the norm, indeed crews are expected and assumed to be restarting unless they register a permanent retirement with the clerk of the course. The name was also dropped to avoid confusion with the new Rally2 group of car. Restarting is still at the discretion of the organisers, such as meeting safety standards after a heavy accident.

Cars

 
Thierry Neuville and Nicolas Gilsoul at the 2018 Tour de Corse in a Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC

The rules surrounding which cars are used in WRC are governed and approved by the FIA. From the WRC's inception, cars had always followed a basic rule of being Category I, 'Series Production Cars' with a minimum production requirement to achieve homologation by the FIA. This ceased to be the case when Group Rally1 cars were introduced for the 2022 season. Rally1 regulations placed them in Category II as 'Competition Cars', which are built as single examples for exclusive use in competition.

The rules have changed over time to suit economic conditions, for safety reasons, to advance technology, to attract more manufacturer entrants or to better promote the series. Specifications of cars used can be for just one type, such as the World Rally Car, or a Group of similar specifications that differ in performance such as Group R. In 2014, the FIA introduced the current sporting classes to help further categorise the different classes and groups based on performance. RC1 has the highest performance cars whilst RC5 has the lowest permitted at WRC level.

To enter a WRC rally in 2022, cars must be homologated in one of the following groups or classes: World Rally Car 1.6L, any of the Groups Rally and R3 or R-GT of Group R[7]

World Rally Car 1.6L

Main article: World Rally Car

Eligible cars with 1.6L direct injection turbo engines and four-wheel drive built to World Rally Car regulations. The power output is limited to around 280 kW (380 hp). The 'WRC+' cars including the Ford Fiesta WRC, Toyota Yaris WRC and the Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC cannot be driven by those who had scored manufacturer points between 2017 and 2021. Earlier WRC cars since 2011, such as the Volkswagen Polo R WRC are permitted without such restrictions. 2021 was the final season of this specification at the top of the sport, being replaced by Rally1 in the manufacturer's championship in 2022.

Groups Rally

Main article: Groups Rally
 
Oliver Solberg and Aaron Johnston on Rally Sweden 2020 in a Škoda Fabia Rally2 evo

The Groups Rally consists of six rally car specifications eligible for WRC.

  • Rally1 cars were introduced in 2022 and replaced the World Rally Car as the car permitted in the manufacturer's championship. Hybrid powertrains were introduced for the first time in rallying amongst cost-cutting initiatives such as centrally developed tubular safety structures and simpler suspension and transmissions.
  • Rally2 cars, formerly R5 of Group R, are the second highest performance cars and are the sole cars eligible for WRC-2.
  • Rally2-Kit cars, previously known as R4-kit in Group R, are also eligible for overall entry. Rally2 and Rally2-Kit are within the same sporting category — RC2.
  • Rally3 cars were introduced in 2021 and used in WRC3 from 2022.
  • Rally4 cars, formerly R2 of Group R, do not have a specific support championship.
  • Rally5 cars, formerly R1 of Group R, do not have a specific support championship.

Group R

Main article: Group R

Starting in 2008, a category of rally cars known as Group R were introduced as a rally only replacement to the Group A and Group N categories which were slowly phased out of eligibility. Cars were classified under one of six categories based on their engine capacity and type, wheelbase, and drivetrain. Group R cars still had to be homologated in Group A or N but have the relevant Group R extension approved in common with other rally formulae. As a result, older cars could reclassify under Group R subject to meeting criteria.

With R5, R4, R2 and R1 of Group R being renamed and absorbed by the new Groups Rally, as of the 2021 season R3 and R-GT cars are still currently eligible for overall entry. R3 cars however have been downgraded to RC4 sporting class from RC3, in line with Rally4 cars rather than superseding them.[7] Neither R3 or R-GT have specific WRC support championships.

Historically eligible cars

Main articles: Group A, Group B, and Group N
 
Fiat Grande Punto Abarth S2000

When the WRC began in 1973, FISA allowed cars from its Group 1 (series-production touring cars), Group 2 (touring cars), Group 3 (series-production grand touring cars) and Group 4 (modified grand touring cars) amongst national classes. These FISA classes were also used in circuit racing and other motorsport championships. The groups formed the basis of new groups in 1982, Group N replaced Group 1, Group A replaced Group 2, and Group B replaced Group 4. Due to the increasing power, lack of reliability and a series of fatal accidents during the 1986 season, Group B was permanently banned. In 1987 Group A became the highest performance car and the choice for manufacturers whilst privateers opted for the budget friendly Group N for use in the newly created Production Car World Rally Championship. A Group N car has won a WRC rally only once - a Renault 5 driven by Alain Oreille won the Rallye Côte d'Ivoire in 1989. Despite the PWRC ending in 2012, Group N cars were allowed to enter WRC2 until 2016 and overall rallies until the end of 2018.

In 1997, the World Rally Car specification was introduced to ease the development of new cars and bring new makes to the competition. An extension of Group A, the WRC cars were used in the manufacturer's championship, although Mitsubishi received special dispensation to run their Group A models into 1999, and won three drivers and one manufacturers championships whilst doing so. In 2011 changes were made to the World Rally Car, the engine capacity was restricted to 1.6L and the minimum length requirement removed to allow for smaller and cost-effective models. Further changes in 2017 allowed for more aero-dynamics, increased safety requirements and a larger air intake restrictor, which increased the effective power from 300 to 380 hp.

Super 2000 cars were allowed to enter the overall rallies from 2007 to 2018. They were eligible in the PWRC from 2007 to 2009 before the Super 2000 World Rally Championship was run between 2010 and 2012. They were also accepted in WRC2 from 2013 to 2016. Super 1600 cars were only allowed to enter in JWRC and on events that the championship was held on up to 2010 before the R2 became the sole championship car.

Evolution of Car Groups and Classes used in the WRC Manufacturers Championship
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
Series Production Group 4 Group B
Group 3
Group 2 Group A World Rally Car 2.0L World Rally Car 1.6L
Group 1 Group N
Competition Car Rally1
Summary of Car Groups and Classes otherwise permitted to enter rallies or in support championships[25]
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
Group N N4 (>2.0L) PWRC WRC2
N1-N3 (<=2.0L) PWRC PWRC
2.0L Cup		 PWRC PWRC
JWRC		 PWRC WRC2
Group A A8 (>2.0L)
A5-A7 (<=2.0L) 2.0L Cup JWRC
Super 1600 JWRC Only
Super 2000 PWRC SWRC WRC2
WRC 1.6L
Group R
&
Groups Rally 		R1 (Rally5) JWRC PWRC WRC3
R2 (Rally4) JWRC JWRC
PWRC		 JWRC
WRC3		 WRC3 JWRC
WRC3		 JWRC
R3 JWRC PWRC WRC3 JWRC
WRC3		 WRC3
RGT
R4 / (Rally2-Kit) SWRC
PWRC		 WRC2 Excl-Europe
R5 (Rally2) WRC2 WRC2
WRC3		 WRC2
Rally3 WRC3

Tyres

Historically, multiple brands have provided tyres to competitors. Pirelli was the single tyre supplier for the top class from 2008 to 2010, then Michelin from 2019 to 2020, and Pirelli again from 2021 to 2024. Hankook was announced as the exclusive tyre supplier from 2025 to 2027.[26]

WRC competitors use different tyres for dry and wet asphalt, gravel, snow and ice with studs or no studs, with different compound hardness also available.[27] Hand cutting a tread pattern is not permitted.

For the 2023 season, Rally1 entries may use a maximum 28 tyres per round.[28]

Promotion and coverage

 
WRC accredited photographers, Rallye de France Alsace 2010

WRC Promoter GmbH owns the commercial rights to the WRC championships, responsible for all media coverage, sponsorship operations and encouraging of participants. WRC Promoter GmbH is jointly owned by Red Bull Media House and KW25 Beteiligungs GmbH.[29] Through the Red Bull Content Pool, WRC provides news, articles and images for professional news and media outlets free of charge.[30] The WRC.com website and mobile apps provides news, live rally times and results, championship standings and information about the rallies and championships.

Commercial rights to the championship were first sold in 1996 to International Sportsworld Communicators (ISC), a company owned by Bernie Ecclestone who also held an FIA presidential position at the time.[31] ISC was sold in 2000 to a group led by the then Subaru team boss David Richards, who later sold the company to North One Television in 2007. In 2009, ISC was awarded a 10-year contract to act as the first promoter for the championship from 2010. This new relationship included the FIA handing over responsibilities such as proposing new events and recruiting new sponsors.[32] The contract with North One Sports (renamed from ISC) was cancelled by the FIA ahead of the 2012 season after the company entered into administration the previous year. The current promoter, WRC Promoter GmbH, was announced as the new promoter from the 2013 season.[33]

Internet video

In 2014, a digital subscription service named WRC+ was launched providing video clips and live transmission of some stages each rally, including the power stage, as well as onboard footage and live map tracking of competitors.[34][35] With the introduction of WRC+ All Live in 2018, for the first time in the championship's history, every special stage from each round was shown for selected cars with commentary available in English.[36][37] For the 2019 season, commentary in Spanish was available for all stages.[38] German and Japanese were available since the 2021 Croatia Rally.[39]

During the 2023 season, the WRC+ All Live service was replaced by a new service, Rally.tv, which amalgamated the service with a similar offer covering the FIA World Rallycross Championship. As well as offering a live service of all European Rally Championship rounds, a linear TV channel shows footage and documentaries between events, covering the three championships.[40][41]

Brief and free video footage is also provided via social media platforms. In addition, the first running of Shakedown is often shown live on YouTube and Facebook.

Red Bull also produce feature-length programmes for Red Bull TV using stage footage from WRC TV combined with their own presenting team and insight from guest pundits. Dirtfish.com also provide some video content in a similar way, though usually not as long.

WRC TV

 
A camera operator at a hairpin turn at the 2007 Rallye Deutschland

WRC TV produces previews, daily highlights and event reviews for each rally, as well as other magazine shows such as season reviews for broadcast television. Some TV stations also broadcast the power stage and select other stages live, usually two stages on a Saturday and the first run of what will be the power stage. Further, TV stations may broadcast the entire All Live live stream, typically via an interactive channel.[42]

The make up and format for these programmes can vary from country to country depending on the local broadcaster and prominence of local drivers. In 2016, the cumulative worldwide TV audience for WRC TV's programmes was more than 700 million, growing to 836 million in 2019. The programming is available in over 150 markets and more than 12,000 hours were screened globally in 2016, reducing to under 10,000 hours in 2019.[43][29]

Radio

Live radio/audio coverage of the rallies was provided in English by a free service called World Rally Radio, broadcast via the Internet by Crown House Media. The service featured end of stage reports direct from the drivers and teams, up to date results and stage times plus other news in the service park. It also produced podcasts and featured contemporary music during breaks in rally coverage. World Rally Radio ceased in 2018 when WRC+ All Live began.[44]

Podcasts

An official podcast is frequently produced. The latest version Backstories has interviewed drivers and co-drivers since 2020.[45]

Records and statistics

Main article: List of World Rally Championship records

Manufacturers

Main article: List of World Rally Championship manufacturers

21 different manufacturers have won a World Rally Championship event: Citroën, Ford, Lancia, Toyota, Peugeot, Subaru, Volkswagen, Mitsubishi, Audi, Fiat, Hyundai, Datsun/Nissan, Opel, Renault, Renault-Alpine, Saab, Mazda, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Porsche and Talbot.[46] With a further 11 having finished on the podium: Seat, Mini, Vauxhall, Alfa Romeo, Volvo, Ferrari, MG, Polski Fiat, Škoda, Triumph and Wartburg.[47] Lancia, with ten Manufacturers' Championships, has won more championships than any other marque.

Champions

Main articles: List of World Rally Championship Drivers' champions, List of World Rally Championship Co-Drivers' champions, and List of World Rally Championship Manufacturers' champions
 
Marcus Grönholm at the 2002 Rallye Deutschland with Peugeot 206 WRC
 
Petter Solberg at the 2006 Cyprus Rally
 
Sébastien Loeb during the Rally Catalunya 2008 with Citroën C4 WRC
 
Sébastien Loeb at the 2011 Rally de Portugal with Citroën DS3 WRC
 
Sébastien Ogier at the 2016 Rally de Portugal with Volkswagen Polo R WRC
Season Championship for drivers Championship for manufacturers
Driver Car Manufacturer Car
1973 No drivers' championship[a]   Alpine-Renault Alpine-Renault A110
1974   Lancia Lancia Stratos HF
1975   Lancia Lancia Stratos HF
1976   Lancia Lancia Stratos HF
1977   Sandro Munari[b] Lancia Stratos HF   Fiat Fiat 131 Abarth
1978   Markku Alén[b] Fiat 131 Abarth[c]   Fiat Fiat 131 Abarth
1979   Björn Waldegård Ford Escort RS1800[d]   Ford[e] Ford Escort RS1800
1980   Walter Röhrl Fiat 131 Abarth   Fiat Fiat 131 Abarth
1981   Ari Vatanen Ford Escort RS1800   Talbot Talbot Sunbeam Lotus
1982   Walter Röhrl Opel Ascona 400   Audi Audi Quattro
1983   Hannu Mikkola Audi Quattro   Lancia Lancia Rally 037
1984   Stig Blomqvist Audi Quattro   Audi Audi Quattro
1985   Timo Salonen Peugeot 205 Turbo 16   Peugeot Peugeot 205 Turbo 16
1986   Juha Kankkunen Peugeot 205 Turbo 16 E2   Peugeot Peugeot 205 Turbo 16 E2
1987   Juha Kankkunen Lancia Delta HF 4WD   Lancia Lancia Delta HF 4WD
1988   Miki Biasion Lancia Delta Integrale   Lancia Lancia Delta Integrale
1989   Miki Biasion Lancia Delta Integrale   Lancia Lancia Delta Integrale
1990   Carlos Sainz Toyota Celica GT-Four   Lancia Lancia Delta Integrale 16V
1991   Juha Kankkunen Lancia Delta Integrale 16V   Lancia Lancia Delta Integrale 16V
1992   Carlos Sainz Toyota Celica Turbo 4WD   Lancia Lancia Delta HF Integrale
1993   Juha Kankkunen Toyota Celica Turbo 4WD   Toyota Toyota Celica Turbo 4WD
1994   Didier Auriol Toyota Celica Turbo 4WD   Toyota Toyota Celica Turbo 4WD
1995   Colin McRae Subaru Impreza 555   Subaru Subaru Impreza 555
1996   Tommi Mäkinen Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution III   Subaru Subaru Impreza 555
1997   Tommi Mäkinen Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IV   Subaru Subaru Impreza WRC
1998   Tommi Mäkinen Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution V   Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution V
1999   Tommi Mäkinen Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VI   Toyota Toyota Corolla WRC
2000   Marcus Grönholm Peugeot 206 WRC   Peugeot Peugeot 206 WRC
2001   Richard Burns Subaru Impreza WRC 2001   Peugeot Peugeot 206 WRC
2002   Marcus Grönholm Peugeot 206 WRC   Peugeot Peugeot 206 WRC
2003   Petter Solberg Subaru Impreza WRC 2003   Citroën Citroën Xsara WRC
2004   Sébastien Loeb Citroën Xsara WRC   Citroën Citroën Xsara WRC
2005   Sébastien Loeb Citroën Xsara WRC   Citroën Citroën Xsara WRC
2006   Sébastien Loeb Citroën Xsara WRC   Ford[e] Ford Focus RS WRC 06
2007   Sébastien Loeb Citroën C4 WRC   Ford[e] Ford Focus RS WRC 06/07
2008   Sébastien Loeb Citroën C4 WRC   Citroën Citroën C4 WRC
2009   Sébastien Loeb Citroën C4 WRC   Citroën Citroën C4 WRC
2010   Sébastien Loeb Citroën C4 WRC   Citroën Citroën C4 WRC
2011   Sébastien Loeb Citroën DS3 WRC   Citroën Citroën DS3 WRC
2012   Sébastien Loeb Citroën DS3 WRC   Citroën Citroën DS3 WRC
2013   Sébastien Ogier Volkswagen Polo R WRC   Volkswagen Volkswagen Polo R WRC
2014   Sébastien Ogier Volkswagen Polo R WRC   Volkswagen Volkswagen Polo R WRC
2015   Sébastien Ogier Volkswagen Polo R WRC   Volkswagen Volkswagen Polo R WRC
2016   Sébastien Ogier Volkswagen Polo R WRC   Volkswagen Volkswagen Polo R WRC
2017   Sébastien Ogier Ford Fiesta WRC   M-Sport[f] Ford Fiesta WRC
2018   Sébastien Ogier Ford Fiesta WRC   Toyota Toyota Yaris WRC
2019   Ott Tänak Toyota Yaris WRC   Hyundai Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC
2020   Sébastien Ogier Toyota Yaris WRC   Hyundai Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC
2021   Sébastien Ogier Toyota Yaris WRC   Toyota Toyota Yaris WRC
2022   Kalle Rovanperä Toyota GR Yaris Rally1   Toyota Toyota GR Yaris Rally1
2023   Kalle Rovanperä Toyota GR Yaris Rally1   Toyota Toyota GR Yaris Rally1

Championships by driver's country

Updated after the 2023 season.

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1  France186731
2  Finland16151748
3  Italy3216
4  Great Britain28111
5  Spain24713
6  Sweden2226
7  Germany2114
8  Norway1348
9  Estonia1146
10  Belgium0538
Totals (10 entries)474747141

Event wins

Main articles: List of World Rally Championship event winners and List of World Rally Championship records

Updated after 2024 Rally de Portugal. Drivers and manufacturers who have participated in the 2024 World Rally Championship are in bold.

Video games and esports

Main articles: List of World Rally Championship video games and WRC (video game series)

There have been many video games based on the World Rally Championship, and due to lack of licenses, many more based on only certain cars, drivers or events. Sega Rally, released in 1995, as well as V-Rally and Top Gear Rally in 1997 were primarily arcade racing games with little emphasis on realistic damage or physics. The Colin McRae Rally series introduced in 1998 was the first to incorporate a more realistic simulation racing feel to the genre. Rally Trophy, released in 2001 for Microsoft Windows by Bugbear, concentrated on historic cars such as Alpine A110 and Lancia Stratos. RalliSport Challenge, released in 2002 for Windows and Xbox by Digital Illusions CE, featured classic Group B cars and hillclimb models along with modern WRC cars.

The first fully FIA licensed WRC: World Rally Championship was released in 2001 for PlayStation 2 by Evolution Studios. The video game series had its fifth game, WRC: Rally Evolved, in 2005. Racing simulator Richard Burns Rally, released in 2004 for several platforms, has gathered recognition for its realism. Recent top-selling games include Colin McRae: DiRT 2, Sega Rally Revo and Dirt 3. Gran Turismo 5 includes WRC licensed cars from manufacturers such as Subaru and Ford. In October 2010, Black Bean Games released WRC: FIA World Rally Championship which features the cars, drivers and events of the 2010 World Rally Championship, including those from the three support categories. A downloadable patch was produced allowing players to drive in Group B cars such as the Audi Quattro.[54] Various cars whose participated in the WRC such as Mitsubishi Lancer WRC and Ford Fiesta RS WRC have also appeared in the Facebook game Car Town. The WRC video game license was acquired by French game development studio Kylotonn from Milestone srl after the release of WRC 4: FIA World Rally Championship in 2013. The first WRC game by Kylotonn was WRC 5, released in 2015, with successive releases on a near-annual basis with WRC Generations due in 2022. The WRC license will pass to Codemasters for the period of 2023 to 2027.[55]

eSports WRC is an online championship run via the latest official video game. Beginning in 2016, the championship is free and open to anybody with a copy of the game. Each esports season ends with a Grand Finale with competitors gathering for an on-site event to race each other, usually in the service park of an actual rally event. Previous eSports WRC champion Jon Armstrong is also a physical rally driver, and racehouse Williams run a team.[56]

Footnotes

  1. ^ No drivers title 1973–1976.
  2. ^ a b In 1977 and 1978, the drivers championship was the FIA Cup for Rally Drivers.
  3. ^ Markku Alén drove a Lancia Stratos HF in two rallies in 1978.
  4. ^ Björn Waldegård drove a Mercedes 450 SLC in two rallies in 1979.
  5. ^ a b c d Ford Motor Company Limited, a British registered company, was the winning manufacturer. Its cars were homologated via the British ASN, RAC/MSA, thus were considered British under FIA rules, despite any ultimate ownership by, or history related to the Ford Motor Company of Dearborn, Michigan, USA[48][49]
  6. ^ M-Sport were not an official Ford team from 2013 to 2017, entering under a waiver to the rule insisting on manufacturer association.[50]

References

  1. ^ "What is the WRC? – Rally UK". Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  2. ^ "TOTAL AND THE WORLD RALLY CHAMPIONSHIP". TotalEnergies Malaysia. 29 August 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  3. ^ Naess, Hans Erik (2014). A Sociology of the World Rally Championship. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
  4. ^ Hope-Frost, Henry; Davenport, John (2004). The complete book of the World Rally Championship. St. Paul, MN: Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-0-7603-1954-3.
  5. ^ "What is WRC?". WRC.com.
  6. ^ "FAQ about the World Rally Championship (WRC)". RallyUSAOfficial. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d "2021 FIA World Rally Championship – Sporting Regulations" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2020.
  8. ^ "rallybase.nl". rallybase.nl. Archived from the original on 8 January 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  9. ^ "FIA Production car World Rally Championship". WRC.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2007.
  10. ^ a b "Exciting changes for 2013 WRC". www.nesterallyfinland.fi. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  11. ^ a b "Rally – Exciting Changes in WRC for 2013". 29 September 2012. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  12. ^ "World Rally Championship". Wrc.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  13. ^ Evans, David (10 May 2016). "Future of existing WRC cars being evaluated by FIA". autosport.com. Haymarket Publications. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  14. ^ Evans, David (30 November 2016). "WRC approves running order rule revamp and 2017 calendar". autosport.com. Motorsport Network. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  15. ^ "2017 WRC dates confirmed". wrc.com. WRC Promoter GmbH. 28 September 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  16. ^ Herrero, Daniel (13 October 2018). "Australia remains finale on 2019 WRC calendar". speedcafe.com. Speedcafe. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  17. ^ Biggs, Henry. "Top 10: Group B rally cars". MSN Cars UK. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2007.
  18. ^ "World Rally Championship for Drivers Champions". RallyBase. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  19. ^ Van Leeuwen, Andrew (18 November 2018). "Rally Australia: Latvala wins as Ogier, Toyota claim WRC titles". autosport.com. Motorsport Network. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  20. ^ "Tommi Mäkinen on rallin Midas – näin Puuppolan päälliköstä tuli historiallinen maailmanmestari Toyotan tallipäällikkönä". Aamulehti (in Finnish). 18 November 2018. Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  21. ^ "FIA could drop 'continent' requirement for world championships". Speedcafe. 22 June 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  22. ^ a b "What is WRC?". Rally Ireland. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  23. ^ Howard, Tom (16 December 2023). "FIA publishes new 2024 WRC points system". Motorsport.com. Motorsport Network. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  24. ^ "Regulations - Federation Internationale de l'Automobile". Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  25. ^ "Regulations Archive". World Rally Archive. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  26. ^ "Hankook to become WRC tire supplier from 2025". DirtFish. 6 December 2023.
  27. ^ "Michelin to take snow tires to WRC finale as back-up". DirtFish. 24 November 2020.
  28. ^ "Pirelli debuts all-new Monte Carlo specific WRC tyres". Motorsport.com. 19 January 2023.
  29. ^ a b "WRC Factbook 2020". www.wrc.com. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  30. ^ "WRC - World Rally Championship". WRC - World Rally Championship. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  31. ^ Naess, H. (23 September 2014). A Sociology of the World Rally Championship: History, Identity, Memories and Place. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-40544-9.
  32. ^ "ISC confirmed as WRC promoter". www.autosport.com. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  33. ^ "Red Bull becomes World Rally Championship promoter". www.autosport.com. 28 September 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  34. ^ "WRC+ is the new way to watch rally". www.redbull.com. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  35. ^ "WRC+ | Official Live Stream & Video Channel of the WRC". Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  36. ^ "Motorsport: Major live TV upgrade for World Rally Championship coverage". www.nzherald.co.nz. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  37. ^ "World Rally Championship launches live streaming service". www.sportmedia.com. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  38. ^ "WRC+ All Live launches in Spanish". www.wrc.com. 17 January 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  39. ^ "WRC+ All Live adds German and Japanese commentary". www.wrc.com. 19 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  40. ^ Friday, Heather McLean; June 30; Story, 2023-10:18 Print This. "WRC Promotor set to launch new OTT and linear TV channel for rally fans with Rally.TV this summer". SVG Europe. Retrieved 19 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ Lingeswaran, Susan (29 November 2022). "WRC to launch new Rally TV platform, unveils revamped 2023 calendar". Sportcal. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  42. ^ "Motorsport | Latest Motorsport News | BT Sport". BT.com. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  43. ^ "WRC Factbook 16-17". www.wrc.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  44. ^ "Popular Rally Radio service to end after Tour de Corse". 6 April 2018. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  45. ^ "WRC - World Rally Championship". WRC - World Rally Championship. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  46. ^ "Make wins". World Rally Archive. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  47. ^ "Make podium finishes". World Rally Archive. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  48. ^ "FIA Historic Database". historicdb.fia.com. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  49. ^ "FIA Homologations List 2008" (PDF). fia.com.
  50. ^ "2013 FIA WORLD RALLY CHAMPIONSHIP FOR MANUFACTURERS". fia.com. 14 January 2013.
  51. ^ "Statistics - Driver wins". juwra.com. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  52. ^ "Statistics - Driver wins per nationalities". juwra.com. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  53. ^ "Statistics - Makes wins". juwra.com. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  54. ^ "WRC the game, the official videogame of the 2010 FIA World Rally Championship, hits the shelves today!". RallyBuzz. 8 October 2010. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  55. ^ Codemasters Regains WRC License After 18 Years - IGN, June 2020, retrieved 26 April 2021
  56. ^ "eSports WRC". WRC - World Rally Championship. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Rally Championship.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Rally_Championship&oldid=1225931476"