Pitcairnioideae is a subfamily of the bromeliad family, Bromeliaceae. Traditionally, it was a large subfamily, comprising all those species with winged or more rarely naked seeds. Molecular phylogenetic studies showed that traditional Pitcairnioideae was not monophyletic, and the subfamily was more narrowly circumscribed.[1][2] As of November 2022[update], the Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads placed five genera in the subfamily.[3] Members of the subfamily are found from the Andes to the coast of Brazil.
| Pitcairnioideae | |
|---|---|
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| Pitcairnia grafii inflorescence | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pitcairnioideae |
| Genera | |
|
See text. | |
Description
Species in the subfamily Pitcairnioideae have fruits in the form of capsules and winged seeds. The petals are not joined together when the flowers open, and are usually large and conspicuous.[1]
Taxonomy
Traditionally, the family was divided into three subfamilies based on the structure of the seeds and fruit, Pitcairnioideae comprising all those with winged or rarely naked seeds. The other subfamilies were Bromelioideae and Tillandsioideae. A molecular phylogenetic study in 2007 showed that traditional Pitcairnioideae was not monophyletic, with Tillandsioideae embedded within it. The original broadly defined subfamily was divided it into six, including a more narrowly circumscribed Pitcairnioideae.[1] The division was confirmed in a larger 2011 study,[2] and is accepted by the Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads, which includes five genera.[3]
Genera
As of November 2022[update], the Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads placed five genera in the subfamily:[3]
| Image | Genus | Number of living species |
|---|---|---|
 |
Deuterocohnia Mez | 18 |
 |
Dyckia Schult.f. | 130 |
 |
Encholirium Schult.f. | 22 |
_06-0051_14.jpg) |
Fosterella L.B.Sm. | 30 |
 |
Pitcairnia L'Hér. (including Pepinia Brongn. ex André) | over 400 |
Other genera that have been placed in Pitcairnioideae are now put into different subfamilies.
Brocchinioideae
| Image | Genus | Number of living species |
|---|---|---|
 |
Brocchinia Schult.f. ex Schult. & Schult.f. | 20 |
Hechtioideae
| Image | Genus | Number of living species |
|---|---|---|
_1-00001.jpg) |
Hechtia Klotzsch | 52 |
Lindmanioideae
| Image | Genus | Number of living species |
|---|---|---|
 |
Connellia N.E.Br. | 6 |
| Lindmania | 38 |
Navioideae
| Image | Genus | Number of living species |
|---|---|---|
| Brewcaria L.B.Sm., Steyerm. & H.Rob. (may be included in Navia) | 6 | |
| Cottendorfia Schult.f. | 1 | |
| Navia | 93 | |
| Sequencia (L.B.Sm.) Givnish | 1 | |
| Steyerbromelia L.B.Sm. | 6 |
Puyoideae
| Image | Genus | Number of living species |
|---|---|---|
 |
Puya Molina | 219 |
Distribution
The subfamily is thought to have arisen in the Andes, first spreading southwards and then eastwards into the Brazilian Shield and the easternmost part of Brazil (the "horn of Brazil").[2]
References
- ^ a b c Givnish, Thomas; Millam, Kendra; Berry, Paul & Sytsma, Kenneth (2007). "Phylogeny, Adaptive Radiation, and Historical Biogeography of Bromeliaceae Inferred from ndhF Sequence Data". Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany. 23 (1): 3–26. doi:10.5642/aliso.20072301.04.
- ^ a b c Givnish, Thomas J.; Barfuss, Michael H. J.; Van Ee, Benjamin; Riina, Ricarda; Schulte, Katharina; Horres, Ralf; Gonsiska, Philip A.; Jabaily, Rachel S.; Crayn, Darren M.; Smith, J. Andrew C.; Winter, Klaus; Brown, Gregory K.; Evans, Timothy M.; Holst, Bruce K.; Luther, Harry; Till, Walter; Zizka, Georg; Berry, Paul E. & Sytsma, Kenneth J. (2011). "Phylogeny, adaptive radiation, and historical biogeography in Bromeliaceae: Insights from an eight-locus plastid phylogeny". American Journal of Botany. 98 (5): 872–895. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000059.
- ^ a b c Gouda, E.J.; Butcher, D.; Gouda, C.S. (2022), "subfam. Pitcairnioideae Harms", Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads, Utrecht University Botanic Gardens, retrieved 2022-11-21
- http://www.ecocam.com/species/Bromeliaceae.html
- http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/monocots/bromeliflorae.html
- BSI - Bromeliad Info - Taxonomy
- LUTHER, H. E. (2008) An Alphabetical List of Bromeliad Binomials, Eleventh Edition The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Sarasota, Florida, USA. Published by The Bromeliad Society International.