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Article Draft
Lead
COPIED FROM Coliform bacteria lead paragraph:
Coliform bacteria are defined as Rod shaped Gram-negative non-spore forming and motile or non-motile bacteria which can ferment lactose with the production of acid and gas when incubated at 35–37 °C (ADD CITATION #4) Due to the limited ability of certain coliform bacteria to ferment lactose, the definition has changed to bacteria containing the enzyme β-galactosidase. They are a commonly used indicator of sanitary quality of foods and water. Coliforms can be found in the aquatic environment, in soil and on vegetation; they are universally present in large numbers in the feces of warm-blooded animals. While coliforms themselves are not normally causes of serious illness, they are easy to culture, and their presence is used to indicate that other pathogenic organisms of fecal origin may be present. Such pathogens include disease-causing bacteria, viruses, or protozoa and many multicellular parasites. Coliform procedures are performed in aerobic or anaerobic conditions
Edit to first and second sentences: Coliform bacteria are defined as either motile or non-motile Gram-negative non spore-forming bacilli that possess β-galactosidase to produce acids and gases under their optimal growth temperature of 35-37°C.
Article body
Incidences of Coliform Waterborne Disease Outbreaks
Sweden (1980-1999)
Approximately 57,500 civilians in Sweden were affected by a total of 116 waterborne disease outbreaks between 1980 and 1999, and two deaths occurred. The organisms determined to be causing these outbreaks were mainly Campylobacter spp. and Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba histolytica, enterotoxigenic E. coli and Cryptosporidium were also present. The most outbreaks of waterborne diseases from coliform bacteria was 12 in both 1985 and 1986, but the year with the highest disease incidence was in 1995 when 13,574 cases were reported. [1]
United States of America (1995-1996)
9,129 cases of waterborne disease caused by coliform bacteria were reported between 1995-1996 from a total of 36 outbreaks across the country. Giardia lambia was the causative agent of 1459 cases between two Giardiasis outbreaks, which was the highest number of cases from a single coliform species during these years. A total of 2477 cases of waterborne diseases were related back to drinking water supply.[1]
Canada (2000)
An E. coli outbreak in a municipal water treatment plant in Ontario resulted in over 2,200 cases of gastrointestinal illness with 7 deaths. The number of cases is likely higher because of underreporting of illnesses. Recent studies suggest that 75% of waterborne disease outbreaks in Canada are sourced back to Small Drinking Water Systems (SDWS). [2]
Detection of Coliform Bacteria In Labratory
References
- ^ a b "Appendix A-II: World Health Organization Guidelines", Handbook of Drinking Water Quality, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 527–534, retrieved 2022-02-25
- ^ "Treatment for Technologies for Small Drinking Water Systems", Water Encyclopedia, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005-07-15, retrieved 2022-02-25
Bibliography
- Craun, G. F., Berger, P. S., & Calderon, R. L. (1997). Coliform bacteria and waterborne disease outbreaks. Journal‐American Water Works Association, 89(3), 96-104
- This is a peer-reviewed scientific journal and is a reliable source for this article. It is a secondary source with a variety of different contributors. This article goes into depth about the effects of coliform bacteria, which is not touched on in this article so it would be a good area to improve on.
- Jeon, D. J., Ligaray, M., Kim, M., Kim, G., Lee, G., Pachepsky, Y. A., ... & Cho, K. H. (2019). Evaluating the influence of climate change on the fate and transport of fecal coliform bacteria using the modified SWAT model. Science of the Total Environment, 658, 753-762.
- This is a peer-reviewed scientific journal and a reliable source to be used in this article. It is a secondary source with several different authors and published within the last 5 years.
- Tominaga, T. (2019). Rapid detection of coliform bacteria using a lateral flow test strip assay. Journal of microbiological methods, 160, 29-35.
- This is a peer-reviewed journal specifically for describing methods in microbiology. This is a good source to include in this article because it expands on the topic of how coliform bacteria are detected in lab.
- Li, D., & Liu, S. (2018). Water quality monitoring and management: basis, technology and case studies. Academic Press
- gives good information for lead paragraph
- Andersson, Y., & Bohan, P. (2001). Disease surveillance and waterborne outbreaks, p 115–133. Water quality: guidelines, standards, and health. World Health Organization Water Series, London, United Kingdom.
- Sweden waterborne disease outbreaks