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[[File:Damascus, National Museum, Hypogeum of Yarhai (6362299863).jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Hypogeum of Yarhai]], [[Damascus]], Syria]]
A '''hypogeum''' or '''hypogaeum''' (plural '''hypogea''' or '''hypogaea''', which is commonly seen {{IPAc-en|h|aɪ|p|ɒ|g|eɪ|ə}}; literally meaning "underground", from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''hypo'' (under) and ''gaia'' (mother earth or goddess of earth)<ref>[[James Stevens Curl]] (2006) ''A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture''</ref>) is an underground [[temple]] or [[tomb]].
The later Christians built similar underground shrines, [[crypt]]s and tombs, which they called [[catacombs]]. But this was only a difference in name, rather than purpose and rituals, and archeological and historical research shows they were effectively the same. Werner Jacobsen wrote, ▼
<blockquote>Like other ambitious Romans, the bishop-saints of the third and fourth centuries were usually buried in hypogea in the cemeteries outside the walls of their cities; often it was only miracles at their tombs that caused their successors to adopt more up-to-date designs. In Dijon the saint and bishop Benignus (d. c. 274) was buried in a large sarcophagus in a chamber tomb in the Roman cemetery. By the sixth century the tomb had long since fallen into disrepair and was regarded as pagan, even by Bishop Gregory of Langres."<ref>Werner Jacobsen, "Saints' Tombs in Frankish Church Architecture" ''Speculum'' '''72'''.4 (October 1997:1107-1143) p. 1127.</ref></blockquote>▼
Hypogea will often contain [[niche (architecture)|niche]]s for cremated human remains or [[Loculus (architecture)|loculi]] for buried remains. Occasionally tombs of this type are referred to as '''built tombs'''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hadjisavvas|first=Sophocles|title=The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition, Volume II|year=2013|publisher=[[Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications]]|url=|page=Preface|quote=two important built tombs, namely the [[Ikarou Street Tomb]] and the [[Lefkaritis Tomb]] were the primary reasons for the authoring of ''The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition'' Volume II.}}</ref>
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Hypogea were also found in [[Dynastic Egypt]], such as at the [[Northern Mazghuna pyramid]], [[Southern Mazghuna pyramid]] and [[Southern South Saqqara pyramid]]. The hypogea in ancient [[Palmyra]] contained [[Loculus (architecture)|loculi]] closed with slabs bearing sculptured [[Palmyrene funerary reliefs|portrait reliefs]], and sarcophagi with sculptured family banqueting scenes on their lids.
▲The later Christians built similar underground shrines, [[crypt]]s and tombs, which they called [[catacombs]]. But this was only a difference in name, rather than purpose and rituals, and archeological and historical research shows they were effectively the same. Werner Jacobsen wrote,
▲<blockquote>Like other ambitious Romans, the bishop-saints of the third and fourth centuries were usually buried in hypogea in the cemeteries outside the walls of their cities; often it was only miracles at their tombs that caused their successors to adopt more up-to-date designs. In Dijon the saint and bishop Benignus (d. c. 274) was buried in a large sarcophagus in a chamber tomb in the Roman cemetery. By the sixth century the tomb had long since fallen into disrepair and was regarded as pagan, even by Bishop Gregory of Langres."<ref>Werner Jacobsen, "Saints' Tombs in Frankish Church Architecture" ''Speculum'' '''72'''.4 (October 1997:1107-1143) p. 1127.</ref></blockquote>
==Other subterranean constructions==
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