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== History ==
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The history of human rights in Europe is marked by a contradictory combination of legislative and intellectual progress and violations of fundamental human rights in both Europe and its [[European colonial empires|colonies]].
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===== Armenia =====
{{main|Human rights in Armenia}}
[[2008 Armenian presidential election protests|A series of mass protests]] were held in [[Armenia]] in the wake of the [[2008 Armenian presidential election
===== Belarus =====
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{{main|Human rights in Russia}}
Russia has partaken in some questionable acts, such as replacing elected governors with appointed ones and [[Censorship in Russia|censoring the press]], claiming many of these measures are needed to maintain control over its volatile [[Caucasus]] border, where several rebel groups are based. ''The Economist''`s [[Democracy Index]] classified Russia as a "hybrid regime" in 2007,.<ref name="economist.com"/> Since then
Russia was downgraded to an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] regime, which the report attributes to concerns over the [[2011 Russian legislative election
==== Former Yugoslavian states ====
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==== Human trafficking ====
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The end of communism, the collapse of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, and easier global travel have contributed to an increase in human trafficking, with many victims being forced into prostitution, hard labour, agriculture, and domestic service.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3979725.stm | newspaper=BBC News | title=A modern slave's brutal odyssey | date=3 November 2004 | accessdate=4 May 2010}}</ref> The conflicts in the former Yugoslavia have also been a key factor in the increase of [[human trafficking in Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/campaigns/stop-violence-against-women/issues/implementation-existing-laws/trafficking|publisher=Amnesty International|title=Trafficking of Women and Girls|date=19 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,1211214,00.html | newspaper=The Guardian | location=London | title=Nato force 'feeds Kosovo sex trade' | first=Ian | last=Traynor | date=7 May 2004 | accessdate=4 May 2010}}</ref> The problem is particularly severe in Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy and Turkey; these countries, along with [[Thailand]], Japan, Israel and the United States are listed by the [[UNODC]] as top destinations for victims of human trafficking.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6497799.stm | newspaper=BBC News | title=UN highlights human trafficking | date=26 March 2007 | accessdate=4 May 2010}}</ref>
The [[Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings]] was adopted by the Council of Europe on 16 May 2005. The aim of the convention is to prevent and combat the trafficking in human beings. The convention entered into force on 1/2/2008. As of June 2017 it has been ratified by 47 states (including Belarus, a non Council of Europe state), with Russia being the only state not to have ratified (nor signed).
Amnesty International has called on European states to sign and ratify the convention as part of the fight against human trafficking.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/IOR61/001/2005|publisher=Amnesty International|title=Council of Europe: Recommendations to Strengthen the December 2004 Draft European Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings|date=1 January 2005}}</ref>
== Council of Europe / European Union ==
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The Council of Europe is responsible for both the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] and the [[European Court of Human Rights]]. These institutions bind the Council's members to a code of human rights which, though strict, are more lenient than those of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]. The Council also promotes the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] and the [[European Social Charter]].
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