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Among the oldest attestations of the countries of the [[Vlachs]] (early Romanians) on the left side of the Danube, there is a quotation of a passage from an [[Armenians|Armenian]] book of geography.<ref>Spinei 2009, p. 50.</ref> The passage represents an [[Interpolation (manuscripts)|interpolation]], probably from the first centuries of the second millennium, which refers to an “unknown country called ''Balak''”, situated in the neighborhood of the “[[Sarmatians]]’ country” and of ''“Zagura”'' ([[Bulgaria]]).<ref>Spinei 2009, pp. 50–51.</ref> Another 11th-century reference to the Vlachs’ country appears to be the section of the ancient [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] chronicle ''Oghuzname'' ('Oghuz Khan's Tale'), preserved in a 17th century text, which narrates the battles of the Cumans against several peoples, including the Vlachs ''(Ulak)''.<ref>Spinei 2009, p. 81.</ref><ref>Curta 2006, p. 306.</ref>
The [[Cumans]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic tribe]] approached the [[Danube Delta]] shortly after 1064–1065, and from 1068 the entire territory between the [[Aral Sea]] and the [[Danube#Geography#Sectioning|lower Danube]] were controlled by them.<ref>Spinei 2009, pp. 114., 116–117.</ref> But this vast territory was never politically united by a strong central power.<ref name='Vásáry 7'>Vásáry 2005, p. 7.</ref> The different Cuman groups were under independent rulers or ''[[Khan (title)|khan]]s'' who meddled in the political life of the surrounding areas, such as the [[Kievan Rus’|Rus’ principalities]] and the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name='Vásáry 7'/> In attacking the Byzantine Empire, the Cumans were also assisted by the Vlachs living in the [[Balkan Mountains]] (now in Bulgaria) who showed them the mountain paths where no imperial guard was set up.<ref>Vásáry 2005, p. 21.</ref>There are disputes in historiography regarding the content of the meaning of the term "Vlach" at that time.{{fact|date=December, 2010}} In various sources{{what|date=December, 2010}} the expressions ''“Vlachs”'' or ''“[[Moesi]]”'' may refer either to Romanized inhabitants of the Balkans or to Bulgarians and Cumans.<ref>Примов, Б. 1965, с. 12-53.</ref> Some historians
In 1185, the Balkan Vlachs, together with the Bulgarians, rose up in arms against the Byzantine Empire.<ref name='Pop 40'>Pop 1999, p. 40.</ref> They created, with the help of the Cumans and the Vlachs living on the left bank of the Danube, a new state, the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] between the Balkan Mountains and the Danube (to the south of the future Wallachia)<ref name='Pop 40'/> or between the Balkan Mountains and Carpathians (including future Wallachia).<ref>Коледаров, Петър, 1989, с. 25, 37-38.</ref>{{dubious|date=December, 2010}} The new state was called ''“Vlachia”'' or ''“Vlachia and Bulgaria”'' in Western sources.<ref>Vásáry 2005, pp. 29–30.</ref> For example, in 1204 the pope elevated the head of the Bulgarian church to the rank of “''primas''” ([[primate]]) “of all Bulgaria and Vlachia”.<ref>Dimitrov 2007, p. 52.</ref> Other western sources defines this country (including the territories north of the Balkan Mountains) as ''Bulgaria''.<ref>Gjuzelev, V. 1981, Notitiae Episcopatuum Diocesis Bulgariae in Libris Cancelariae Apostolicae, p. 9-10.(The document dated from 1204 and the document from 1380 which reproduces this from 1204)</ref><ref>Петров 1985, р. 326.</ref> ''“Vlachia”'' as a designation for northern Bulgaria only disappeared from the sources after the middle of the 13th century.<ref>Vásáry 2005, p. 31.</ref>
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