Content deleted Content added
No edit summary |
OK! This should be clarified. Until then - without it. |
||
Line 15:
The [[Cumans]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic tribe]] approached the [[Danube Delta]] shortly after 1064–1065, and from 1068 the entire territory between the [[Aral Sea]] and the [[Danube#Geography#Sectioning|lower Danube]] were controlled by them.<ref>Spinei 2009, pp. 114., 116–117.</ref> But this vast territory was never politically united by a strong central power.<ref name='Vásáry 7'>Vásáry 2005, p. 7.</ref> The different Cuman groups were under independent rulers or ''[[Khan (title)|khan]]s'' who meddled in the political life of the surrounding areas, such as the [[Kievan Rus’|Rus’ principalities]] and the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name='Vásáry 7'/> In attacking the Byzantine Empire, the Cumans were also assisted by the Vlachs living in the [[Balkan Mountains]] (now in Bulgaria) who showed them the mountain paths where no imperial guard was set up.<ref>Vásáry 2005, p. 21.</ref>There are disputes in historiography regarding the content of the meaning of the term "Vlach" at the time. In various sources as ''Vlachs'' (as well as ''"[[Moesi]]"'') can be defined both romainizated inhabitants of the Balkans, and Bulgarians and Cumans.<ref>Примов, Б. 1965, с. 12-53.</ref> Some historians draw attention to the term "Vlachs" as an indication of pastoral populations.<ref>Петров, 1985, с. 331.</ref>
In 1185, the Balkan Vlachs, together with the Bulgarians, rose up in arms against the Byzantine Empire.<ref name='Pop 40'>Pop 1999, p. 40.</ref> They created, with the help of the Cumans and the Vlachs living on the left bank of the Danube, a new state, the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] between the Balkan Mountains and the Danube (to the south of the future Wallachia)<ref name='Pop 40'/> or between the Balkan Mountains and Carpathians (including future Wallachia).<ref>Коледаров, Петър, 1989, с. 37-38. </ref>{{dubious|date=December, 2010}} The new state was called ''“Vlachia”'' or ''“Vlachia and Bulgaria”'' in Western sources, for example in the chronicle written by [[Geoffrey of Villehardouin]]
In 1211, King [[Andrew II of Hungary]] (1205–1235) settled the [[Teutonic Knights]] in the region of [[Braşov]] in order to put an end to the frequent incursions of the Cumans into [[Transylvania]].<ref>Engel 2001, pp. 90., 431.</ref><ref>Spinei 2009, p. 146.</ref> The knights were given all the territory they could conquer beyond the Carpathian Mountains as a [[fief]] to be held from the king of Hungary.<ref name='Engel 90'>Engel 2001, p. 90.</ref> According to a royal charter of 1222, the knights’ military power stretched across the Carpathians all the way to the Danube.<ref name='Spinei 2005 417'>Spinei 2005, p. 417.</ref> That the Teutonic Knights won several victories “beyond the snowy mountains” ''(ultra montes nivium)'', that is to the south and to the east of the Carpathians, is also confirmed by [[pope|papal]] letters.<ref name='Spinei 2005 417'/> However, the Teutonic Knights were forced out of the territory in 1225 by King Andrew II, who claimed that they had ignored his authority.<ref>Spinei 2005, p. 418.</ref>
| |||