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Makeandtoss (talk | contribs) Undid revision 1263716005 by Dotyoyo (talk) changing to "Jewish Israelis" as middle ground and as per the reliable source of Human Rights Watch's reporting: https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution |
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'''Israeli apartheid''' is [[crime of apartheid|a system of institutionalized segregation and discrimination]] in the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-occupied]] [[Palestinian territories]] and to a lesser extent in [[Israel]] proper. This system is characterized by near-total physical separation between the [[Palestinian]] and the [[Israeli settlements|Israeli settler]] population of the [[West Bank]], as well as the judicial separation that governs both communities, which discriminates against the Palestinians in a wide range of ways. Israel also discriminates against [[Palestinian refugees]] in the [[Palestinian diaspora|diaspora]] and against [[Palestinian citizens of Israel|its own Palestinian citizens]].
Since the [[1948 Palestine war]], Israel has been denying Palestinian refugees who were [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight|expelled or fled]] from what became its territory the [[Palestinian right of return|right of return]] and [[Israeli land and property laws#Absentees' Property Laws|right to their lost properties]]. And since the 1967 [[Six Day War]], Israel has been occupying the West Bank and the [[Gaza Strip]], which is now the [[List of military occupations|longest military occupation]] in modern history, and [[Legality of Israeli settlements|in contravention]] of [[international law]] has been constructing large settlements there that separate Palestinian communities from one another and prevent the establishment of a [[Palestinian state]]. The settlements are mostly encircled by the [[Israeli West Bank barrier]], which intentionally separates the Israeli and Palestinian populations, a policy called [[Hafrada]]. While the Jewish Israeli settlers are subject to Israeli civil law, the Palestinian population is subject to military law. Settlers also have access to separate roads and exploit the region's natural resources at its Palestinian inhabitants' expense.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />
Comparisons between Israel–Palestine and South African [[apartheid]] were prevalent in the mid-1990s and early 2000s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peteet |first1=Julie |date=2016 |title=The work of comparison: Israel/Palestine and apartheid |journal=Anthropological Quarterly |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=247–281 |doi=10.1353/anq.2016.0015 |jstor=43955521 |s2cid=147128703 | issn=0003-5491 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Peteet |first=Julie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ya8cDgAAQBAJ |title=Space and Mobility in Palestine |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-253-02511-1 |page=63 |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120154411/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ya8cDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the definition of apartheid as a crime in the 2002 [[Rome Statute]], attention has shifted to the question of [[international law]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baconi |first=Tareq |date=5 November 2021 |title=What Apartheid Means for Israel |url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2021/11/05/what-apartheid-means-for-israel/ |website=[[The New York Review of Books]] |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930054812/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2021/11/05/what-apartheid-means-for-israel/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2019, the [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination#Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination|Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite press release | last=Schuller | first=Kiera | title=UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination publishes findings on Cambodia, Colombia, Ireland, Israel and Uzbekistan | date=13 December 2019 | publication-place=Geneva, Switzerland | publisher=United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights | url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/12/un-committee-elimination-racial-discrimination-publishes-findings-cambodia | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219171425/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25429&LangID=E | archive-date=2019-12-19}}</ref> announced it was reviewing the Palestinian complaint that Israel's policies in the West Bank amount to apartheid.<ref name="The Times of Israel">{{cite news | author=Times of Israel staff | date=24 December 2019 |title=Report: UN anti-racism panel to probe claims of Israeli apartheid in West Bank |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-un-anti-racism-panel-to-probe-claims-of-israeli-apartheid-in-west-bank/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529085627/https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-un-anti-racism-panel-to-probe-claims-of-israeli-apartheid-in-west-bank/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since then, several Israeli, Palestinian, and international human rights organizations have characterized the situation as apartheid, including [[Yesh Din]], [[B'Tselem]],<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid |url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid |publisher=B'Tselem |access-date=12 January 2021 |date=12 January 2021 |quote=A regime that uses laws, practices and organized violence to cement the supremacy of one group over another is an apartheid regime. Israeli apartheid, which promotes the supremacy of Jews over Palestinians, was not born in one day or of a single speech. It is a process that has gradually grown more institutionalized and explicit, with mechanisms introduced over time in law and practice to promote Jewish supremacy. These accumulated measures, their pervasiveness in legislation and political practice, and the public and judicial support they receive – all form the basis for our conclusion that the bar for labeling the Israeli regime as apartheid has been met. |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508165214/https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation | last=Sfard | first=Michael | author-link=Michael Sfard | url=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/files.yesh-din.org/Apartheid+2020/Apartheid+ENG.pdf | title=The Occupation of the West Bank and the Crime of Apartheid: Legal Opinion | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111112934/https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/files.yesh-din.org/Apartheid%202020/Apartheid%20ENG.pdf | archive-date=11 January 2024 | work=[[Yesh Din]] | date=9 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=":51">{{Cite news |last=Sfard |first=Michael |date=2021-06-03 |title=Why Israeli progressives have started to talk about 'apartheid' |type=Opinion | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jun/03/israeli-apartheid-israel-jewish-supremacy-occupied-territories |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213236/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jun/03/israeli-apartheid-israel-jewish-supremacy-occupied-territories |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]],<ref name=":51" /><ref name="Holmes">{{Cite news |last=Holmes |first=Oliver |date=2021-04-27 |title=Israel is committing the crime of apartheid, rights group says |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202210105/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Amnesty International]]. This view has been supported by [[United Nations]] investigators,<ref>{{cite web |last=White |first=Ben |date=18 March 2017 |title=UN report: Israel has established an 'apartheid regime' |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/03/report-israel-established-apartheid-regime-170315054053798.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324174425/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/03/report-israel-established-apartheid-regime-170315054053798.html |archive-date=24 March 2017 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> the [[African National Congress]] (ANC),<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahren |first=Raphael |date=15 May 2018 |title=South African leaders tell country's Jews to reject 'Nazi-like' Israel |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/south-african-leaders-tell-countrys-jews-to-reject-nazi-like-israel/ |access-date=23 May 2020 |quote=Tuesday's lengthy ANC statement accused Israel of 'crude viciousness,' comparing it to South Africa's past apartheid regime. |archive-date=23 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223045146/https://www.timesofisrael.com/south-african-leaders-tell-countrys-jews-to-reject-nazi-like-israel/ | url-status=live }}</ref> several human rights groups,<ref>{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Uri |title=Apartheid Israel: possibilities for the struggle within |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |year=2003 |isbn=1-84277-339-9 |pages=86–87}}</ref><ref name="Shimoni">{{Cite book|last=Shimoni|first=Gideon|title=Jews and Zionism: The South African Experience 1910–1967|year=1980|publisher=Cape Town: Oxford UP|isbn=0-19-570179-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jewszionismsouth0000shim/page/310 310–336]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/jewszionismsouth0000shim/page/310}}</ref> and many prominent Israeli political and cultural figures.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/pramila-jayapal-israel-vote/|title=Why do Americans get attacked for saying what Israelis say about Israel?|first=John|last=Nichols|date=20 July 2023|magazine=The Nation|access-date=20 January 2024|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004092515/https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/pramila-jayapal-israel-vote/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TopIsraelisWarnApartheid">{{Cite web |last=Hasan |first=Mehdi |date=22 March 2017 |title=Top Israelis have warned of apartheid, so why the outrage at a UN report? |url=https://theintercept.com/2017/03/22/top-israelis-have-warned-of-apartheid-so-why-the-outrage-at-a-un-report/ |website=[[The Intercept]] |language=en |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=2 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902105345/https://theintercept.com/2017/03/22/top-israelis-have-warned-of-apartheid-so-why-the-outrage-at-a-un-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Quigley |first=John B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xaNtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA145 |title=Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice |date=1990 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-1011-2 |pages=145–150 |language=en |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120154520/https://books.google.com/books?id=xaNtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA145#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[International Court of Justice]] in its [[ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories|2024 advisory opinion]] found that Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories constitutes systemic discrimination and is in breach of Article 3 of the [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]], which prohibits racial segregation and apartheid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of Israel's Policies and Practices in the "Occupied Palestinian Territory" |date=January 2024 |url=https://en.idi.org.il/articles/55384}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{Cite journal |last1=Jeßberger |first1=Florian |last2=Mehta |first2=Kalika |date=19 September 2024 |title=The Inadvertent Protagonist |url=https://verfassungsblog.de/the-inadvertent-protagonist/ |journal=Verfassungsblog |doi=10.59704/27788635acf1f7b5 |via=verfassungsblog.de}}</ref> The ruling did not specify whether it was referring to [[racial segregation]], [[apartheid]], or both.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/the-limits-of-the-icj-advisory-opinion-on-israel-s-occupation-and-the-west-bank|title=The Limits of the ICJ Advisory Opinion on Israel's Occupation and the West Bank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ICJ Delivers Advisory Opinion on the Legality of Israel's Occupation of Palestinian Territories |date=20 July 2024 |url=https://www.ejiltalk.org/icj-delivers-advisory-opinion-on-the-legality-of-israels-occupation-of-palestinian-territories/ |quote=The Court then moves to examining whether there is also a violation of Article 3 of CERD, which prohibits racial segregation and apartheid. This, of course, is a totemic issue in terms of the competing narratives of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. And here the Court, seeking internal consensus, opted for a more ambiguous approach …. but the bottom line of the Court’s approach seems clear – at best Israel’s actions amount ‘only’ to racial segregation, but they could also be apartheid. And the reason for this ambiguity is again the need to maintain consensus within the Court}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{Cite web |last=Keane |first=David |date=31 July 2024 |title='Racial Segregation and Apartheid' in the ICJ Palestine Advisory Opinion |url=https://www.ejiltalk.org/racial-segregation-and-apartheid-in-the-icj-palestine-advisory-opinion/ |quote=this is not the right reading. Article 3 refers to racial segregation and apartheid, and a breach of Article 3 could refer to racial segregation, apartheid, or both. This is seen in the Separate Opinions, some of which considered the finding of a breach of Article 3 as a finding of apartheid; others believing the Court had not made such a finding.}}</ref>
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