Grand Duchy of Hesse: Difference between revisions

==== Cultural policy====

[[File:Photo - Darmstadt - Hessisches Landesmuseum - um 1906.jpg|thumb|[[Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt|Hessisches Landesmuseum]], Darmstadt, 1906]]

In the cultural sphere, the ''[[Kulturkampf]]'' was of great significance in the first years of the German Empire. After some delay, the grand duchy brought the Prussian measures into force. The duchy's [[Catholic]] bishop, [[Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz|Mainz]], a strict conservative, had worked closely with von Dalwigk and was fiercely opposed to the liberals. The Darmstadt government sought to gain a higher level of control over the Roman Catholic church and the bishop led opposition to this. A whole bundle of laws were put forward by the government in 1875 to achieve this.<ref>* [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11177465?page=429 ''Gesetz, das Volksschulwesen im Großherzogtum betreffend''] (Law on the Elementary School System) of 16 June 1874 in ''Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt'' No. 32 of 16 June 1874, pp. 377–414.<br/>* [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11309178?page=297 ''Gesetz, die rechtliche Stellung der Kirchen und Religionsgemeinschaften im Staate betreffend''] (Law on the correct position of churches and religious communities in the State) of 23 April 1875 in ''Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt'' No. 21 of 3 May 1875, pp. 247–249.<br/>* [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11309178?page=299 ''Gesetz, den Mißbrauch der geistlichen Amtsgewalt betreffend''] (Law on the abuse of spiritual authority) of 23 April 1875 in ''Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt'' No. 21 of 3 May 1875, pp. 249–255. The law was repealed in 1889 (Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: ''Großherzogtum Hessen'', p. 856)<br/>* [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11309178?page=306 ''Gesetz, betreffend die Vorbildung und Anstellung der Geistlichen''] (Law on the training and appointment of the clergy) of 23 April 1875 in ''Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt'' No. 21 of 3 May 1875, pp. 256–260. This law was also repealed in 1887 ([https://digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/werkansicht?PPN=PPN766853128&PHYSID=PHYS_0135&DMDID=DMDLOG_0001 ''Gesetz, die Vorbildung und Anstellung der Geistlichen betreffend''] of 5 July 1887 in ''Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt'' No. 22 of 15 July 1887, pp. 129–132).<br/>* [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11309178?page=310 ''Gesetz, die religiösen Orden und ordensähnlichen Congregationen betreffend''] (Law on Religious Orders and Order-like Congregations) of 23 April 1875 in ''Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt'' No. 21 of 3 May 1875, pp. 260 f. This law was repealed in 1895 (Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: ''Großherzogtum Hessen'', p. 856)<br/>* [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11309178?page=861 ''Gesetz, die Ausführung des Reichsgesetzes über die Beurkundung des Personenstandes und die Eheschließung vom 6. Februar 1875 betreffend''] (Law which implements the Imperial law on the certification of civil status and marriage of 6 February 1875) of 3 December 1875 in ''Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt'' No. 57 of 6 December 1875, pp. 811–814.</ref> The bishop sought to maintain the highest possible level of autonomy by all means at his disposal, but in 1876 he had to close the [[seminary]] in Mainz and the church was not able to open it again until 1887.<ref>Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, ''Großherzogtum Hessen'', p. 856.</ref> After Ketteler's death in 1877, the bishop's seat remained vacant until 1886, as a result of the conflict between the state and the Catholic church, since the state vetoed all candidates for the position that were put forward by the Church.<ref name="Cosack, p. 137">Cosack, p. 137.</ref>