Algerian War: Difference between revisions

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The war caused the deaths of between 400,000 and 1.5 million Algerians,<ref>{{cite news|title=Ombres et lumières de la révolution algérienne|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1982/11/BALTA/37021|magazine=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|date=1 November 1982|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929091404/https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1982/11/BALTA/37021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="France NICOLAS SARKOZY"/><ref name=democide/> 25,600 French soldiers,<ref name=Horne/>{{rp|538}} and 6,000 Europeans. [[#Atrocities and war crimes|War crimes]] committed during the war included massacres of civilians, rape, and [[Torture during the Algerian War|torture]]; the French destroyed over 8,000 villages and relocated over 2 million Algerians to [[Internment camps in France#Algerian War|concentration camps]].<ref name="Kevin Shillington">{{cite book|author=Kevin Shillington|title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&pg=PA60|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45670-2|pages=60|quote=The Algerian war for independence had lasted eight years. More than 8,000 villages had been destroyed in the fighting. Some three million people were displaced, and more than one million Algerians and some 10,000 colons lost their lives.|access-date=28 October 2022|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164808/https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&pg=PA60|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Aoudjit"/> Upon independence in 1962, 900,000 European-Algerians (''{{lang|fr|[[Pieds-noirs]]}}'') fled to France within a few months for fear of the FLN's revenge. The French government was unprepared to receive such a vast number of refugees, which caused turmoil in France. The majority of Algerian Muslims who had worked for the French were disarmed and left behind, as the [[Évian Accords|agreement]] between French and Algerian authorities declared that no actions could be taken against them.<ref>Évian accords, Chapitre II, partie A, article 2</ref> However, the [[Harki]]s in particular, having served as auxiliaries with the French army, were regarded as traitors and {{Ill|Harki massacres|lt=many were murdered|fr|Massacres de harkis}} by the FLN or by lynch mobs, often after being abducted and tortured.<ref name=Horne/>{{rp|537}}<ref>See http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/qa-happened-algeria-harkis-150531082955192.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024034/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/qa-happened-algeria-harkis-150531082955192.html |date=7 November 2017 }} and Pierre Daum's "The Last Taboo: Harkis Who Stayed in Algeria After 1962". November 2017</ref> About 20,000 Harki families (around 90,000 people) managed to flee to France, some with help from their French officers acting against orders, and today they and their descendants form a significant part of the population of [[Algerians in France]].{{cncitation needed|date=April 2024}}

Horne estimated Algerian casualties during the span of eight years to be around 1 million.<ref name="Alistair Horne">{{cite book|author=Alistair Horne|title=A Savage War of Peace Algeria 1954-1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4-UHiZTlpMC&pg=PA|year=2012|publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4472-3343-5|quote=It was undeniably and horribly savage , bringing death to an estimated one million Muslim Algerians and the expulsion from their homes of approximately the same number of European settlers.}}</ref><ref name="David P. Forsythe">{{cite book|author=David P. Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA37|year=2009|publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=37|quote=Alistair Horne estimates one million Algerians and twenty thousand French were casualties of the war.}}</ref> Uncounted thousands of Muslim civilians died in French Army ratissages, bombing raids, or vigilante reprisals. The war uprooted more than 2&nbsp;million Algerians, who were forced to relocate in French camps or to flee into the Algerian hinterland, where many thousands died of starvation, disease, and exposure. One source estimates 300,000 Algerians civilians perished of starvation, depredation, and disease inside and outside the camps.<ref name="clayton">{{cite book |last1=Clayton |first1=Anthony |title=Frontiersmen: Warfare In Africa Since 1950 |date=2001 |pages=34}}</ref>

* {{Cite book |last=Clayton |first=Anthony |title=The wars of French decolonization |date=1994 |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-09802-2 |series=Modern wars in perspective |location=London ; New York}}

* {{Cite book |last=Dine |first=Philip |title=Images of the Algerian War: French fiction and film, 1954-1992 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-815875-2 |location=Oxford [England] : New York}}

* {{Cite book |last=McDougall |first=James |title=History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria |title-link=History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-84373-7 |series=Cambridge Middle East studies |location=Cambridge, UK ; New York |oclc=ocm61879728}}