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correct info: per Wright, "Following Appian and Justin, it has been customary to date Tigranes’ conquest of Seleucid Syria to 83 BC. However, Hoover’s recent, numismatic review of the chronology of late Seleucid Antioch, supported by Josephus’ account of Tigranes southwestern movements, has fundamentally challenged Appian and down!dated the conquest of Syria to 74/3 BC."; add sources, entries |
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{{Short description|Ancient Semitic maritime civilization}}
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When Alexander's empire collapsed after his death in 323 BC, the Phoenicians came under the control of the largest of its successors, the [[Seleucids]]. The Phoenician homeland was repeatedly contested by the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]] of Egypt during the forty-year [[Syrian Wars]], coming under Ptolemaic rule in the third century BC. The Seleucids reclaimed the area the following century, holding it until the mid-first 2nd century BC. Under their rule, the Phoenicians were allowed a considerable degree of autonomy and self-governance.
During the [[Seleucid Dynastic Wars]] (157–63 BC), the Phoenician cities were mainly self-governed. Many of them were fought for or over by the warring factions of the Seleucid royal family. Some Phoenician regions were under Jewish influence, after the Jews revolted and succeeded in defeating the Seleucids in 164 BC. A significant portion of the Phoenician diaspora in North Africa thus converted to Judaism in the late millennium BC.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Feldman |first1=Louis H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pACJYw0bg3QC&pg=PA195 |title=Studies in Hellenistic Judaism |date=1996 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10418-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rives, 1995 p.220</ref><ref name="Selzer1984">{{cite book |last1=Selzer |first1=Claudia |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism: The late Roman-Rabbinic period |year=1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor1-last=Davies |editor1-first=William David |page=69 |language=en |chapter=The Jews in Carthage and Western North Africa, 66-235 CE |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjtWLZhhMoYC&pg=PA68}}</ref> The Seleucid Kingdom was seized by [[Tigranes the Great]] of [[Armenia]] in
==Demographics==
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* {{cite book|last=Herm |first=Gerhard |title=The Phoenicians|translator-first=Catherine|translator-last=Hiller|location=New York|publisher=William Morrow|year=1975|page=80}}
* {{cite book |last=Holst |first=Sanford |title=Phoenician Secrets: Exploring the Ancient Mediterranean |publisher=Santorini Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-0983327905}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hoover |first1=Oliver D. |title=A Revised Chronology for the Late Seleucids at Antioch (121/0-64 BC) |journal=Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte |date=2007 |volume=56 |issue=3 |page=298 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25598397 |issn=0018-2311}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jigoulov |first=Vadim S. |year=2021 |title=The Phoenicians: Lost Civilizations |location=London |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] |isbn=978-1-789-14478-9}}
** {{Cite journal |last1=Khalil |first1=Wissam |last2=Oggiano |first2=Ida |date=2021 |title=معبد الخرايب من الحقبتين الفينيقيّة والهلنستيّة في الرّيف المتاخم لمدينة صور (لبنان) |trans-title=The sanctuary of Kharayeb: a temple from the Phoenician and Hellenistic eras in the rural outskirts of the city of Tyre, Lebanon. |url=https://jguaa.journals.ekb.eg/article_176371.html |journal=مجلة الإتحاد العام للآثاريين العرب |language=ar |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=331–344 |doi=10.21608/jguaa.2021.71462.1181 |s2cid=236348108 |issn=2536-9822|doi-access=free }}
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* {{cite book |last=Warmington |first=Brian H. |year=1960 |title=Carthage |url=https://archive.org/details/carthage0000warm/ |publisher=Praeger}}
* {{cite book |last1=Woolmer |first1=Mark |title=A Short History of the Phoenicians: Revised Edition |year=2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-15394-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srU-EAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Nicholas L. |editor1-last=Erickson |editor1-first=Kyle |editor2-last=Ramsey |editor2-first=Gillian |title=Selucid Dissolution: The Sinking of the Anchor |year=2011 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/download/5643821/Seleucid_dissolution.pdf |chapter=The Last days of a Seleucid city: Jebel Khalid on the Euphrates and its Temple}}
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