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The Phoenicians were organized in [[city-state]]s, similar to those of [[ancient Greece]], of which the most notable were [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]], [[Sidon]], and [[Byblos]].{{sfn|Aubet|2001|p=17}} Each city-state was politically independent, and there is no evidence the Phoenicians viewed themselves as a single nationality.{{sfn|Quinn|2017|pp=201–203}} While most city-states were governed by some form of [[king]]ship, merchant families probably exercised influence through [[oligarchies]]. After reaching its zenith in the ninth century BC, the Phoenician civilization in the eastern Mediterranean gradually declined due to external influences and conquests. Yet, their presence persisted in the central and western Mediterranean until the [[destruction of Carthage]] in the mid-second century BC.
The Phoenicians were long considered a lost civilization due to the lack of indigenous written records, and only since the mid-20th century have historians and [[Archaeology|archaeologists]] been able to reveal a complex and influential civilization.{{sfn|Markoe|2000|pp=10–12}} Their best known legacy is the world's [[Phoenician alphabet|oldest verified alphabet]], whose origin was connected to the [[Proto-Sinaitic script]],{{sfn|Coulmas|1996}} and which was transmitted across the Mediterranean and used to develop the [[Arabic script]] and [[Greek alphabet]] and in turn the [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] and [[Cyrillic alphabet]]s.{{sfn|Markoe|2000|page=111}}<ref name="Fischer-2004">{{cite book|last=Fischer|first=Steven Roger|title=A history of writing|publisher=Reaktion Books|year=2004|page=90}}</ref> The Phoenicians are also credited with innovations in shipbuilding, navigation, industry, agriculture, and government. Their international trade network is believed to have fostered the economic, political, and cultural foundations of [[Classical antiquity|Classical Western civilization]].
==Etymology==
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* {{cite book |last=Moscati |first=Sabatino |year=1965 |title=The World of the Phoenicians |location=New York, NY |publisher=Frederick A. Praeger}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Na'aman |first1=Nadav |title=Hiram of Tyre in the Book of Kings and in the Tyrian Records |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |date=April 2019 |volume=78 |issue=1 |page=75 |doi=10.1086/701707}}
* {{cite book |last1=Niemeyer |first1=Hans Georg |editor1-last=Schnegg |editor1-first=Kordula |title=Commerce and Monetary Systems in the Ancient World: Means of Transmission and Cultural Interaction : Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium of the Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Heritage Project, Held in Innsbruck, Austria, October 3rd-8th 2002 |date=2004 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |isbn=978-3-515-08379-9 |pages=245-254 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNYAd5SE_44C&pg=PA245 |chapter=The Phoenicians and the Birth of a Multinational Mediterranean Society}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Papalas |first1=Anthony J. |title=The Development of the Trireme |journal=The Mariner's Mirror |date=January 1997 |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=259–271 |doi=10.1080/00253359.1997.10656646}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pierattini |first1=Alessandro |title=The Origins of Greek Temple Architecture |year=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-60297-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdCIEAAAQBAJ}}
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