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Since the [[1948 Palestine war]], Israel has been denying Palestinian refugees who were [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight|expelled or fled]] from what became its territory the [[Palestinian right of return|right of return]] and [[Israeli land and property laws#Absentees' Property Laws|right to their lost properties]]. And since the 1967 [[Six Day War]], Israel has been occupying the West Bank and the [[Gaza Strip]], which is now the [[List of military occupations|longest military occupation]] in modern history, and [[Legality of Israeli settlements|in contravention]] of [[international law]] has been constructing large settlements there that separate Palestinian communities from one another and prevent the establishment of a [[Palestinian state]]. The settlements are mostly encircled by the [[Israeli West Bank barrier]], which intentionally separates the Israeli and Palestinian populations, a policy called [[Hafrada]]. While the Jewish settlers are subject to Israeli civil law, the Palestinian population is subject to military law. Settlers also have access to separate roads and exploit the region's natural resources at its Palestinian inhabitants' expense.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />
Comparisons between Israel–Palestine and South African [[apartheid]] were prevalent in the mid-1990s and early 2000s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peteet |first1=Julie |date=2016 |title=The work of comparison: Israel/Palestine and apartheid |journal=Anthropological Quarterly |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=247–281 |doi=10.1353/anq.2016.0015 |jstor=43955521 |s2cid=147128703 | issn=0003-5491 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Peteet |first=Julie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ya8cDgAAQBAJ |title=Space and Mobility in Palestine |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-253-02511-1 |page=63 |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120154411/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ya8cDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the definition of apartheid as a crime in the 2002 [[Rome Statute]], attention has shifted to the question of [[international law]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baconi |first=Tareq |date=5 November 2021 |title=What Apartheid Means for Israel |url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2021/11/05/what-apartheid-means-for-israel/ |website=[[The New York Review of Books]] |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930054812/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2021/11/05/what-apartheid-means-for-israel/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2019, the [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination#Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination|Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite press release | last=Schuller | first=Kiera | title=UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination publishes findings on Cambodia, Colombia, Ireland, Israel and Uzbekistan | date=13 December 2019 | publication-place=Geneva, Switzerland | publisher=United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights | url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/12/un-committee-elimination-racial-discrimination-publishes-findings-cambodia | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219171425/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25429&LangID=E | archive-date=2019-12-19}}</ref> announced it was reviewing the Palestinian complaint that Israel's policies in the West Bank amount to apartheid.<ref name="The Times of Israel">{{cite news | author=Times of Israel staff | date=24 December 2019 |title=Report: UN anti-racism panel to probe claims of Israeli apartheid in West Bank |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-un-anti-racism-panel-to-probe-claims-of-israeli-apartheid-in-west-bank/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529085627/https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-un-anti-racism-panel-to-probe-claims-of-israeli-apartheid-in-west-bank/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since then, several Israeli, Palestinian, and international human rights organizations have characterized the situation as apartheid, including [[Yesh Din]], [[B'Tselem]],<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid |url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid |publisher=B'Tselem |access-date=12 January 2021 |date=12 January 2021 |quote=A regime that uses laws, practices and organized violence to cement the supremacy of one group over another is an apartheid regime. Israeli apartheid, which promotes the supremacy of Jews over Palestinians, was not born in one day or of a single speech. It is a process that has gradually grown more institutionalized and explicit, with mechanisms introduced over time in law and practice to promote Jewish supremacy. These accumulated measures, their pervasiveness in legislation and political practice, and the public and judicial support they receive – all form the basis for our conclusion that the bar for labeling the Israeli regime as apartheid has been met. |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508165214/https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation | last=Sfard | first=Michael | author-link=Michael Sfard | url=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/files.yesh-din.org/Apartheid+2020/Apartheid+ENG.pdf | title=The Occupation of the West Bank and the Crime of Apartheid: Legal Opinion | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111112934/https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/files.yesh-din.org/Apartheid%202020/Apartheid%20ENG.pdf | archive-date=11 January 2024 | work=[[Yesh Din]] | date=9 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=":51">{{Cite news |last=Sfard |first=Michael |date=2021-06-03 |title=Why Israeli progressives have started to talk about 'apartheid' |type=Opinion | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jun/03/israeli-apartheid-israel-jewish-supremacy-occupied-territories |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213236/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jun/03/israeli-apartheid-israel-jewish-supremacy-occupied-territories |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]],<ref name=":51" /><ref name="Holmes">{{Cite news |last=Holmes |first=Oliver |date=2021-04-27 |title=Israel is committing the crime of apartheid, rights group says |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202210105/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Amnesty International]]. This view has been supported by [[United Nations]] investigators,<ref>{{cite web |last=White |first=Ben |date=18 March 2017 |title=UN report: Israel has established an 'apartheid regime' |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/03/report-israel-established-apartheid-regime-170315054053798.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324174425/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/03/report-israel-established-apartheid-regime-170315054053798.html |archive-date=24 March 2017 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> the [[African National Congress]] (ANC),<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahren |first=Raphael |date=15 May 2018 |title=South African leaders tell country's Jews to reject 'Nazi-like' Israel |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/south-african-leaders-tell-countrys-jews-to-reject-nazi-like-israel/ |access-date=23 May 2020 |quote=Tuesday's lengthy ANC statement accused Israel of 'crude viciousness,' comparing it to South Africa's past apartheid regime. |archive-date=23 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223045146/https://www.timesofisrael.com/south-african-leaders-tell-countrys-jews-to-reject-nazi-like-israel/ | url-status=live }}</ref> several human rights groups,<ref>{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Uri |title=Apartheid Israel: possibilities for the struggle within |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |year=2003 |isbn=1-84277-339-9 |pages=86–87}}</ref><ref name="Shimoni">{{Cite book|last=Shimoni|first=Gideon|title=Jews and Zionism: The South African Experience 1910–1967|year=1980|publisher=Cape Town: Oxford UP|isbn=0-19-570179-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jewszionismsouth0000shim/page/310 310–336]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/jewszionismsouth0000shim/page/310}}</ref> and many prominent Israeli political and cultural figures.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/pramila-jayapal-israel-vote/|title=Why do Americans get attacked for saying what Israelis say about Israel?|first=John|last=Nichols|date=20 July 2023|magazine=The Nation|access-date=20 January 2024|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004092515/https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/pramila-jayapal-israel-vote/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TopIsraelisWarnApartheid">{{Cite web |last=Hasan |first=Mehdi |date=22 March 2017 |title=Top Israelis have warned of apartheid, so why the outrage at a UN report? |url=https://theintercept.com/2017/03/22/top-israelis-have-warned-of-apartheid-so-why-the-outrage-at-a-un-report/ |website=[[The Intercept]] |language=en |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=2 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902105345/https://theintercept.com/2017/03/22/top-israelis-have-warned-of-apartheid-so-why-the-outrage-at-a-un-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Quigley |first=John B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xaNtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA145 |title=Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice |date=1990 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-1011-2 |pages=145–150 |language=en |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120154520/https://books.google.com/books?id=xaNtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA145#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[International Court of Justice]] in its [[ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories|2024 advisory opinion]] found that Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories constitutes systemic discrimination and is in breach of Article 3 of the [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]], which prohibits racial segregation and apartheid. Though some legal experts note that the court by that ruling didnt specify whether it was referring specifically to [[racial segregation]] or [[apartheid]] or both due to differences among the judges in order to reach consensus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.idi.org.il/articles/55384|title=Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of Israel's Policies and Practices in the "Occupied Palestinian Territory"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/the-limits-of-the-icj-advisory-opinion-on-israel-s-occupation-and-the-west-bank|title=The Limits of the ICJ Advisory Opinion on Israel’s Occupation and the West Bank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ICJ Delivers Advisory Opinion on the Legality of Israel’s Occupation of Palestinian Territories |url=https://www.ejiltalk.org/icj-delivers-advisory-opinion-on-the-legality-of-israels-occupation-of-palestinian-territories/ |quote=The Court then moves to examining whether there is also a violation of Article 3 of CERD, which prohibits racial segregation and apartheid. This, of course, is a totemic issue in terms of the competing narratives of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. And here the Court, seeking internal consensus, opted for a more ambiguous approach …. but the bottom line of the Court’s approach seems clear – at best Israel’s actions amount ‘only’ to racial segregation, but they could also be apartheid. And the reason for this ambiguity is again the need to maintain consensus within the Court}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{Cite web |last=Keane |first=David |date=31 July 2024 |title='Racial Segregation and Apartheid' in the ICJ Palestine Advisory Opinion |url=https://www.ejiltalk.org/racial-segregation-and-apartheid-in-the-icj-palestine-advisory-opinion/ |quote=this is not the right reading. Article 3 refers to racial segregation and apartheid, and a breach of Article 3 could refer to racial segregation, apartheid, or both. This is seen in the Separate Opinions, some of which considered the finding of a breach of Article 3 as a finding of apartheid; others believing the Court had not made such a finding.}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{Cite journal|url=https://verfassungsblog.de/the-inadvertent-protagonist/|title=The Inadvertent Protagonist|first1=Florian|last1=Jeßberger|first2=Kalika|last2=Mehta|date=19 September 2024|journal=Verfassungsblog|via=verfassungsblog.de|doi=10.59704/27788635acf1f7b5}}</ref>
Elements of Israeli apartheid include the [[Law of Return]], the 2003 [[Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law]], the 2018 [[Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People|Nation-State Law]], and many laws regarding security, [[Palestinian freedom of movement|freedom of movement]], [[Israeli land and property laws|land]] and planning, [[Israeli citizenship law|citizenship]], political representation in the [[Knesset]] (legislature), [[Education in Israel|education]], and [[Culture of Israel|culture]]. Israel says its policies are driven by security considerations,<ref>{{harvtxt|Peteet|2016|p=249}} also argues that there is an Israeli narrative of [[exceptionalism]] which works to 'exempt' it from such comparisons.</ref>{{sfn|Adam|Moodley|2005|pp=19ff., 59ff.}}<ref name="Sabel09">{{citation | last=Sabel | first=Robbie | date=2009 | title=The campaign to delegitimize Israel with the false charge of apartheid | publication-place=Jerusalem | publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs | isbn=978-965-218-073-5 | url=http://www.jcpa.org/text/apartheid.pdf | url-status=live | archive-date=24 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224192553/https://www.jcpa.org/text/apartheid.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Zi13">{{cite journal | last=Zilbershats | first=Yaffa | title=Apartheid, international law, and the occupied Palestinian territory: A reply to John Dugard and John Reynolds | journal=European Journal of International Law | volume=24 | issue=3 | date=2013-08-01 | issn=0938-5428 | doi=10.1093/ejil/cht043 | pages=915–928}}</ref> and that the accusation of apartheid is factually and morally inaccurate and intended to delegitimize Israel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dershowitz |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXQPAQAAMAAJ |title=The case against Israel's enemies: Exposing Jimmy Carter and others who stand in the way of peace |date=2008-09-29 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-37992-9 |pages=20–25, 28–29, 36, 44–48 |language=en |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404115842/https://books.google.com/books?id=KXQPAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sabel09"/><ref>{{cite book | last=Matas | first=David | title=Aftershock: Anti-Zionism & Anti-Semitism | publication-place=Toronto | publisher=Dundurn Press | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-55002-894-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOnQTN025TIC&pg=PA53 | language=it | access-date=19 April 2024 | pages=53–55}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Klein |first=Zvika |date=28 February 2022 |title=France's Macron comes out against claims of Israeli apartheid |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-698925 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111101726/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-698925 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |access-date=20 January 2024 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref> It also often calls the charge antisemitic, which critics have called [[weaponization of antisemitism]].<ref>{{Cite web | last=Geddie | first=Eve|title= EU needs to acknowledge the reality of Israeli apartheid|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/03/eu-needs-to-acknowledge-the-reality-of-israeli-apartheid/|publisher=Amnesty International|date=20 March 2024|quote=12 Israeli human rights organizations have since expressed “grave concern” about attempts to associate Amnesty’s report with antisemitism, and they have rejected the Commission’s failure to recognize Israel’s apartheid. These organizations argue that weaponizing antisemitism to silence legitimate criticism actually undermines attempts to address rising antisemitism.}} Republished from {{cite news | last=Geddie | first=Eve | date=13 March 2023 | title=EU needs to understand the realities in the West Bank | work=Politico | url=https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-west-bank-israel-palestine-conflict-attacks-apartheid/ | access-date=19 April 2024}} Eve Geddie was writing as the director of Amnesty International’s European Institutions Office.</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|last=Roth | first=Kenneth | user=KenRoth|author-link= Kenneth Roth |number=1763106520303092054|title=This weaponizing of the charge of "antisemitism" to try to stop such perfectly legitimate and accurate criticism of Israel's apartheid in the Palestinian occupied territory is cheapening, and hence harming, the important fight against antisemitism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Opinion – The Silencing of Amnesty International's Report on Israeli Apartheid|author= Jeff Handmaker|url=https://www.e-ir.info/2022/02/18/opinion-the-silencing-of-amnesty-internationals-report-on-israeli-apartheid/|date=18 February 2022| publisher=E-International Relations|quote=Amnesty’s report is important and for many advocates it is affirming of what they have been stating all along is a racist regime of systemic discrimination. However, for many longstanding critics of Israel, accusations of Israeli apartheid are not new, nor is the predictable backlash against them whereby antisemitism has been weaponized by Israel and its supporters. This backlash is now been directed against Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How a Leading Definition of Antisemitism Has Been Weaponized Against Israel's Critics|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/society/ihra-definition-antisemitism/|publisher=The Nation|date=27 December 2023|quote=As Human Rights Watch noted, the first example opens the door to reflexively labeling as antisemitic human rights organizations and lawyers who argue that current Israeli government policies constitute apartheid against Palestinians}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=I Regret to Report There's a New Antisemitism Controversy at Harvard|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2024/01/derek-penslar-harvard-jewish-antisemitism-task-force-israel.html|date=26 January 2024|publisher=Slate|quote= There have been a few lines of attack on Penslar, and there are thus a few issues at hand. First, there is the notion that he called Israel a ''regime of apartheid.'' & What makes the series of events at Harvard so disheartening is not that the attack on Penslar is unique but that it transparently gives the game away: There is no set of credentials that can prevent a person who is earnestly trying to do work in this space from getting sucked into the politicization and, yes, weaponization of antisemitism. This is the way that current public debates over antisemitism tend to go, in Congress and on debate stages, on social media and between friends, within families and within organizations. But when fact and understanding and nuance of the issue are all considered secondary, what gets sacrificed isn’t just an individual’s career or standing or time, but comprehension of the actual issue that is antisemitism.}}</ref>
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