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==History==
The title {{translit|ar|[[emir|ʾamīr]]}} was used for Muslim military commanders during the lifetime of
According to [[Fred Donner|Fred M. Donner]], the title's adoption marked a step in the centralization of the nascent Muslim state, as the {{translit|ar|ʾAmīr al-Muʾminīn}} was acknowledged as the central authority of the [[early Muslim conquests|expanding Muslim empire]], responsible for appointing and dismissing generals and governors, taking major political decisions, and keeping the {{Transliteration|ar|[[divan|dīwān]]}} ({{Lang-ar|دیوان}}), the list of those Muslims entitled to a share of the spoils of conquest.{{sfn|Donner|2012|pp=135–136}} From Umar on, the title became a fixed part of caliphal titulature.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=445}} Indeed, it appears to have been the chief title of the early caliphs,{{sfn|Donner|2012|pp=98–99}} and the actual title of [[Caliphate|caliph]] ({{Lang-ar|خليفة|lit=successor|translit=khalifa}}) does not appear to have been adopted until the reign of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]] ({{reign|685|705}}), who adopted it as a means to strengthen his position, which had become shaky following the [[Second Fitna]].{{sfn|Donner|2012|pp=210–211}}
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In 1996, the title was adopted by the [[Taliban]] leader [[Mullah Omar|Muhammad Umar]].{{sfn|Pennell|2016|p=2}} Mullah Mohammed Omar was conferred the title in April 1996 by a Taliban-convened [[shura]] ({{Lang-ar|شُورَىٰ|lit=assembly}}) of approximately 1000-1500 Afghan [[ulama]] in [[Kandahar]], when he displayed the [[Cloak of Muhammad]] before the crowd. The title granted legitimacy to Omar's leadership of Afghanistan and his declared jihad against the government led by [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]. Omar was still referred to as {{translit|ar|ʾAmīr al-Muʾminīn}} by his followers and other jihadists, notably al-Qaeda leader [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]]. [[Akhtar Mansour|Mullah Akhtar Mohammad Mansoor]], the successor of Mullah Omar, was conferred the title in July 2015 upon his appointment as the new leader of the Taliban.<ref name="Joscelyn2015" /> [[Hibatullah Akhundzada]], the third [[List of Taliban insurgency leaders|Supreme Leader of the Taliban]], was also conferred the title upon his election in 2016 and became the [[Supreme Leader of Afghanistan|Leader]] of [[Afghanistan]] in 2021.<ref name="Voice" />
In 2005, the [[Islamic State]] leader [[Abu Omar al-Baghdadi|Abu Umar al-Baghdadi]] adopted the title, nine years before the Islamic State proclaimed its caliphate in 2014.{{sfn|Pennell|2016|pp=2–3}} [[Abu Omar al-Baghdadi|Abu Umar al-Baghdadi]] was conferred the title after his appointment in October 2006 by the Mujahideen Shura Council as the first Emir of the newly declared [[Islamic State of Iraq]].<ref name="Kohlmann2006" /><ref name="Bunzel2015" /> As Richard Pennell commented, by claiming the title they positioned themselves as potential "caliphs-in-waiting",{{sfn|Pennell|2016|p=16}} but for the moment, the title was simply the expression of their claim to an overarching "activist authority" over the areas they controlled.{{sfn|Pennell|2016|pp=17–18}}
==Shi'a views==
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