Sharia: Difference between revisions

'''Sharia''' ({{efn|{{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|ˈ|r|iː|ə}}; {{lang-ar|شَرِيعَة|sharīʿah}}, {{IPA|ar|ʃaˈriːʕa|IPA}})}} is a body of [[religious law]] that forms a part of the [[Islam]]ic tradition<ref name="Bassiouni">{{cite book |author-last=Bassiouni |author-first=M. Cherif |author-link=M. Cherif Bassiouni |year=2014 |origyear=2013 |chapter=The ''Sharīa'', Sunni Islamic Law (''Fiqh''), and Legal Methods (''Ilm Uṣūl al-Fiqh'') |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tbj1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |editor-last=Bassiouni |editor-first=M. Cherif |title=The Shari'a and Islamic Criminal Justice in Time of War and Peace |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=18–87 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139629249.003 |isbn=9781139629249 |lccn=2013019592 |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017234851/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tbj1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="oxforddic">{{cite web |title=British & World English: sharia |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sharia |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=4 December 2015 |location=Oxford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120345/https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sharia |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Dahlén|loc=chpt. 2a|2003}} based on [[Islamic holy books|scriptures of Islam]], particularly the [[Quran]] and [[hadith]].<ref name="Bassiouni" /> In [[Arabic]], the term ''sharīʿah'' refers to [[God in Islam|God]]'s immutable [[divine law]] and this is contrasted with ''[[fiqh]]'', which refers to its interpretations by [[Ulama|Islamic scholars]].<ref name="ODI" />{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Calder|2009}} ''Fiqh'', practical application side of sharia in a sense, was elaborated over the centuries by [[fatwa|legal opinions]] issued by [[mufti|qualified jurist]]s and sharia has never been the sole valid legal system in Islam historically; it has always been used alongside [[urf|customary law]] from the beginning,<ref>"Customary law has also been an important part of Islamic law. It was used to resolve disputes that were not covered by sharia, and it also helped to adapt sharia to the needs of different societies and cultures." Islamic Law: An Introduction by John Esposito (2019) Esposito, John. Islamic Law: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2019. Page 31</ref><ref>"Another key principle that the early Islamic jurists developed was the concept of urf, or customary law. Urf is the customary practices of a particular community. The early jurists recognized that urf could be used to supplement or complement Islamic law. For example, if there was no clear ruling on a particular issue in the Quran or hadith, the jurists could look to urf for guidance." The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law; Emon, Anver M., and Rumee Ahmed, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. p. 25.</ref> and applied in courts by ruler-appointed [[Qadi|judges]],<ref name=ODI/>{{sfn|Calder|2009}} integrated with various economic, criminal and administrative laws issued by [[Muslims|Muslim]] rulers.{{sfn|Stewart|2013|p=500}}