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== History ==
The order is also known as the "convergence of the two oceans" or "Sufi Order of Jafar al Sadiq".<ref>{{cite book |last=Ziad |first=Waleed |title=The Persianate World: Rethinking a Shared Sphere |date=2018 |work=Brill |isbn=9789004387287 |page=165 |chapter=From Yarkand to Sindh via Kabul: The Rise of Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi Sufi Networks in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries |doi=10.1163/9789004387287_007 |s2cid=197951160}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Milani, M. |title=Religions, Nations, and Transnationalism in Multiple Modernities |author2=Possamai, A. |author3=Wajdi, F. |date=2017 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-59238-5 |editor1=Michel, P. |pages=197–220 |chapter=Branding of Spiritual Authenticity and Nationalism in Transnational Sufism |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-58011-5_10 |editor2=Possamai, A. |editor3=Turner, B.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Reimer, D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2JAAQAAIAAJ |title=Die Welt des Islams Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Islamkunde |date=1913 |work=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Islamkunde |page=191 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123054544/https://books.google.com/books?id=_2JAAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=23 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Zelkina |first=Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STZbg0WHq20C |title=Quest for God and Freedom: Sufi Responses to the Russian Advance in the North Caucasus |date=2000 |work=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |publisher=Hurst & Company |isbn=9781850653844 |page=77 |quote=Excerpt from note 11: "There are some Naqshbandi branches which trace their [[silsila]] through Ali ibn Abi Taleb." See Algar, 1972, pp. 191-3; al-Khani, 1308. pg 6 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123054546/https://books.google.com/books?id=STZbg0WHq20C |archive-date=23 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SufisSaintsBodies">{{cite book |last=Kugle |first=Scott Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJ1vpC_SeLcC&pg=PA143 |title=Sufis & saints' bodies: Mysticism, Corporeality and Sacred Power in Islam |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8078-5789-2 |pages=143 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203035822/https://books.google.com/books?id=HJ1vpC_SeLcC&pg=PA143 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SupremeCouncil">{{cite book |last=Kabbani |first=Muhammad Hisham |author-link=Hisham Kabbani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64U41q5MgLYC |title=Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition |publisher=Islamic Supreme Council of America |year=2004 |isbn=1-930409-23-0 |pages=557 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123054546/https://books.google.com/books?id=64U41q5MgLYC |archive-date=23 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Naqshbandi order owes many insights to [[Yusuf Hamadani]] and [[Abdul Khaliq Ghijduwani]] in the 12th century, the latter of whom is regarded as the organizer of the practices and is responsible for placing stress upon the purely silent ''[[dhikr|invocation]]''.<ref name="Trmingham">{{cite book |last=Trimingham |first=J. Spencer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhXqWLd_AMQC |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198028239 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NhXqWLd_AMQC&pg=PA31 31] |chapter=The Chief Tariqa Lines |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123054546/https://books.google.com/books?id=NhXqWLd_AMQC |archive-date=23 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was later associated with [[Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari]] in the 14th century, hence the name of the order. Afterward, a branch or sub-order name was added. From 'Ubeydullah Ahrar to [[Ahmad Sirhindi|Imam Rabbani]], the way was called "Naqshbandiyya-Ahrariyya"; from Imam Rabbani to Shamsuddin Mazhar "Naqshbandiyya-Mujaddadiyya"; from Shamsuddin Mazhar to [[Khâlid-i Baghdâdî|Khalid al-Baghdadi]] "Naqshbandiyya-Mazhariyya"; from Mawlana Khalid onwards "[[Khalidiyya|Naqshbandiyya-Khalidiyya]]"; "Naqshbandiyya-Mustafvi" (Khalidi) and so on.<ref>{{cite book |last=Eraydın |first=Selçuk |title=Tasavvuf ve Tarikatlar |publisher=Marmara Üniversitesi Ilahiyat Vakfi Yayinlari |year=2001 |isbn=9789755480503 |page=434 |language=tr}}</ref>
===South Asia===
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The Naqshbandiyya order became an influential factor in Indo-Muslim life and for two centuries it was the principal spiritual order in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. [[Khwaja Baqi Billah|Baqi Billah Berang]], who was born in Kabul and brought up and educated in Kabul and [[Samarkand]], is credited for bringing the order to India during the end of the 16th century. He tried to spread his knowledge about the order but died three years later. His disciple [[Ahmad Sirhindi]] took over after his death, and it was through him that the order gained popularity within a short period of time. [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] was an 18th-century member of the order.<ref name=Haq>{{cite book |last=Haq |first=Muhammad M. |title=Some Aspects of the Principle Sufi Orders in India |location=Bangladesh |work=Islamic Foundation |date=1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0TYAAAAMAAJ |page=20 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123054546/https://books.google.com/books?id=n0TYAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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===Egypt===
The Naqshbandi order rose to prominence in Egypt during the 19th century. A major khanqah was constructed in 1851 by Abbas I as a favor to the Naqshbandi sheikh Ahmad Ashiq, who led the order until his death in 1883. Ahmad Ashiq practiced the Diya'iyya branch of the Khalidiyya. Two other versions of Naqshbandiyya spread in Egypt in the last decades of the 19th century: the Judiyya, led by sheikh Juda Ibrahim, and the Khalidiyya, led by Sudanese al-Sharif Isma'il al-Sinnari and his successors. These branches continued to grow and are still active today. None of the early orders survived far into the 20th century however, and all khanqahs in Egypt were closed in 1954 when the buildings were either assigned a different function or demolished.<ref name=Jong>{{cite book |last=De Jong |first=Frederick |title=Sufi Orders in Ottoman and Post-Ottoman Egypt and the Middle East: Collected Studies |volume=48, Analecta Isisiana |date=2000 |publisher=Isis Press |isbn=9789754281781 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iC4KAQAAMAAJ |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123054547/https://books.google.com/books?id=iC4KAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Southeast Asia===
[[File:Masjid Ar-Rahman Pondok Pesantren Al-Manaar Batuhampar 2020 03.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Abdurrahman Batuhampar, a Naqshbandi sheikh in Sumatra and grandfather of [[Mohammad Hatta]]]]
The first known Naqshbandi murshid in [[Malay Archipelago]] was [[Yusuf al-Makassari]], a 17th century Islamic scholar who also introduced [[Khalwatiyya]] to the region. However, the order quickly disappeared before being introduced again in the 19th century. There are two well known branches of Naqshbandiyya ini Southeast Asia. The first one is Khalidiyya, introduced by [[Ismail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi|Ismail al-Minankabawi]], a disciple of Khalid al-Baghdadi and Abdullah al-Arzanjani in Mecca, and spread across [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], and [[Malay Peninsula]]. [[Islamic Education Movement|PERTI]], an [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] Islamic organization from [[Minangkabau Highlands]], was founded by [[Sulaiman ar-Rasuli]] and other Khalidi clerics. The other branch is Mazhariyya, named after Shamsuddin Mazhar, a Naqshbandi branch through Abu Said al-Ahmadi, one of Abdullah Dehlawi's khalifas. Mazhariyya is the main Naqshbandi branch in [[Madura]], brought by Kiai Abdul Azim after studying in Mecca. Another related order is Qadiriyya wa Naqshbandiyya, a fusion of [[Qadiriyya]] and Naqshbandiyya, whose sheikhs in [[Banten]] and [[Lombok]] led rebellions against the [[Dutch East Indies]] at the end of 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|first=Martin|last=van Bruinessen|author-link=Martin van Bruinessen|date=1994|title=Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah di Indonesia|language=ID|location=Bandung|publisher=Mizan|isbn=979-433-000-0}}</ref>
===China===
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