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[[File:Pompée dans le Temple de Jérusalem.jpg|thumb|''Pompey in the Temple of Jerusalem'', by [[Jean Fouquet]]]]
The first intervention of Rome in the region dates from 63 BCE, following the end of the [[Third Mithridatic War]], in which [[Pompey]] defeated [[Mithridates VI Eupator]], [[Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)|sacked Jerusalem]], and established the [[Roman Syria|province of Syria]]. The assertion of Roman hegemony and the rise of Roman political and cultural influence brought an end to [[Hellenistic
Pompey installed the Hasmonean prince [[Hyrcanus II]] as [[Ethnarch]] and [[High Priest of Israel]], but not as king. Some years later [[Julius Caesar]] appointed [[Antipater the Idumaean]], also known as ''Antipas'', as the first [[Procurator (Ancient Rome)|Roman Procurator]]. Antipater's son [[Herod the Great|Herod]] was designated "[[Herodian Dynasty|King of the Jews]]" by the [[Roman Senate]] in 40 BCE<ref>[http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/war1.html Jewish War 1].14.4: [[Mark Antony]] "... then resolved to get him made king of the Jews ... told them that it was for their advantage in the [[Roman–Parthian Wars|Parthian war]] that Herod should be king; so they all gave their votes for it. And when the senate was separated, Antony and [[Augustus|Caesar]] went out, with Herod between them; while the consul and the rest of the [[magistrates]] went before them, to offer sacrifices [to the Roman gods], and to lay the decree in the Capitol. Antony also made a feast for Herod on the first day of his reign."</ref> but he did not gain military control until 37 BCE. During his reign, the last representatives of the Hasmoneans were eliminated, and the huge port of [[Caesarea Maritima]] was built.<ref>"Founded in the years 22–10 or 9 B.C. by Herod the Great, close to the ruins of a small Phoenician naval station named Strato's Tower (Stratonos Pyrgos, Turns Stratonis), which flourished during the 3d to 1st c. B.C. This small harbor was situated on the N part of the site. Herod dedicated the new town and its port (''limen Sebastos'') to [[Caesar Augustus]]. During the Early Roman period, Caesarea was the seat of the Roman procurators of the province of Judea. Vespasian, proclaimed emperor at Caesarea, raised it to the rank of Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta, and later Alexander Severus raised it to the rank of Metropolis Provinciae Syriae Palestinae." A. Negev, "CAESAREA MARITIMA Palestine, Israel" in: Richard Stillwell et al. (eds.), ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites'' (1976).</ref>
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