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==History==
[[FrancisThe Rynd|Dr.hypodermic Francisneedle Rynd]]was usedinvented theby firstIrish "Hollowphysician Needle"[[Francis asRynd]], awho hypodermicused syringeit on Ms.a Margaret Coxpatient in Ireland on June 3rd, 1844. Dr.Scottish physician [[Alexander Wood (physician)|Alexander Wood]] can be largely credited with the popularization and acceptance of injection as a medical technique, as well as the widespread use and acceptance of the hypodermic needle. The basic technology of the hypodermic needle has stayed largely unchanged since the 19th century, but as the years progressed and medical and chemical knowledge improved, small refinements have been made to increase safety and efficacy, with needles being designed and tailored for very particular uses. Hypodermic needles remain essential to large volume administration or exchange in settings of trauma or dialysis. The trend of needle specification for use began in the 1920s, particularly for the administration of insulin to diabetics.<ref name="beckton">Beckton Dickinson and Company, "Four Major Phases of Injection Device Development", [https://web.archive.org/web/20150508145312/http://www.ahrn.net/library_upload/uploadfile/file2376.pdf Syringe and Needle History]</ref> ▼
===Early use and experimentation===
The ancient [[Greeks]] and [[Roman people|Romans]] knew injection as a method of medicinal delivery from observations of snakebites and poisoned weapons.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |vauthors=Norn S, Kruse PR, Kruse E| year = 2006 | title = On the history of injection | journal = Dan Medicinhist Arbog | volume = 34 | pages = 104–1 | pmid = 17526154 }}</ref> There are also references to "anointing" and "inunction" in the [[Old Testament]] as well as the works of [[Homer]], but injection as a legitimate medical tool was not truly explored until the 17th century.<ref name="Kotwal, Atul 2005">Kotwal, Atul. "Innovation, diffusion and safety of a medical technology: a review of the literature on injection practice". ''Social Science & Medicine'' Volume 60, Issue 5, March 2005, pp. 1133–1147</ref>
[[Christopher Wren]] performed the earliest confirmed experiments with crude hypodermic needles, performing intravenous injection into dogs in 1656.<ref name="Kotwal, Atul 2005"/> These experiments consisted of using animal bladders (as the syringe) and goose quills (as the needle) to administer drugs such as [[opium]] intravenously to dogs. Wren and others' main interest was to learn if medicines traditionally administered orally would be effective intravenously. In the 1660s, [[Johann Daniel Major]] of [[Kiel]] and [[Johann Sigismund Elsholtz]] of [[Berlin]] were the first to experiment with injections in humans.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal | author = Ball C | date = Jun 2006 | title = The early development of intravenous apparatus | journal = Anaesthesia and Intensive Care | volume = 34 | issue = Suppl 1| pages = 22–6 | doi = 10.1177/0310057X0603401S02 | pmid = 16800224 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
===19th-century development===
[[File:SyringeAllGlass.jpg|thumb|Syringe made entirely of glass, similar to the Wood design, except it is etched with volume marks.]]
The 19th century saw the development of medicines that were effective in small doses, such as opiates and strychnine. This spurred a renewed interest in direct, controlled application of medicine. "Some controversy surrounds the question of priority in hypodermic medication."<ref>Logan Clendening, ''Source Book of Medical History'', p. 419 (1960)</ref> Irish physician [[Francis Rynd]] is generally credited with the first successful injection in 1844, in the [[Meath Hospital]] in [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]].<ref>Walter Reginald Bett, ''The History and Conquest of Common Diseases'' p. 145 (1954)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/the-irish-doctor-who-invented-the-syringe-1.1105651|title=The Irish doctor who invented the syringe|website=irishtimes.com|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>
[[Alexander Wood (physician)|Alexander Wood]]'s main contribution was the all-glass syringe in 1851, which allowed the user to estimate dosage based on the levels of liquid observed through the glass.<ref>Kotwal, Atul. "Innovation, diffusion and safety of a medical technology: a review of the literature on injection practices". ''Social Science & Medicine'' Volume 60, Issue 5, March 2005, pp. 1133–1147</ref> Wood used hypodermic needles and syringes primarily for the application of localized, subcutaneous injection (localized anesthesia) and therefore was not as interested in precise dosages.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
Simultaneous to Wood's work in Edinburgh, [[Charles Pravaz]] of Lyon also experimented with sub-dermal injections in sheep using a syringe of his own design. Pravaz designed a hypodermic needle measuring 3 cm (1.18 in) long and 5 mm (0.2 in) in diameter; it was made entirely of silver.<ref>[http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/Ra-Thy/Syringe.html Syringe], Discoveriesinmedicine.com</ref>
[[Charles Hunter (physician)|Charles Hunter]], a London surgeon, is credited with the coining of the term "hypodermic" to describe subcutaneous injection in 1858. The name originates from two Greek words: ''hypo'', "under", and ''derma'', "skin". Furthermore, Hunter is credited with acknowledging the systemic effects of injection after noticing that a patient's pain was alleviated regardless of the injection's proximity to the pained area.<ref name="Kotwal, Atul 2005"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/> Hunter and Wood were involved in a lengthy dispute over not only the origin of the modern hypodermic needle, but also because of their disagreement as to the medicine's effect once administered.<ref name="Brunton2">{{cite journal|last1=Brunton|first1=D.|date=2000|title=A Question of Priority: Alexander Wood, Charles Hunter and the Hypodermic Method|journal=Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|volume=30|issue=4 |pages=349–351|doi=10.1177/147827150003000414 |s2cid=248921807 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
===Modern improvements===
▲[[Francis Rynd|Dr. Francis Rynd]] used the first "Hollow Needle" as a hypodermic syringe on Ms. Margaret Cox in Ireland on June 3rd, 1844. Dr. Wood can be largely credited with the popularization and acceptance of injection as a medical technique, as well as the widespread use and acceptance of the hypodermic needle. The basic technology of the hypodermic needle has stayed largely unchanged since the 19th century, but as the years progressed and medical and chemical knowledge improved, small refinements have been made to increase safety and efficacy, with needles being designed and tailored for very particular uses. Hypodermic needles remain essential to large volume administration or exchange in settings of trauma or dialysis. The trend of needle specification for use began in the 1920s, particularly for the administration of insulin to diabetics.<ref name="beckton">Beckton Dickinson and Company, "Four Major Phases of Injection Device Development", [https://web.archive.org/web/20150508145312/http://www.ahrn.net/library_upload/uploadfile/file2376.pdf Syringe and Needle History]</ref>
The onset of World War II spurred the early development of partially disposable syringes for the administration of morphine and penicillin on the battlefield. Development of the [[Single-use medical devices|fully disposable]] hypodermic needle was spurred on in the 1950s for several reasons. The Korean War created blood shortages and in response disposable, sterile syringes were developed for collecting blood. The widespread immunization against polio during the period required the development of a fully disposable syringe system.<ref name="beckton" />
The 1950s also saw the rise and recognition of cross-contamination from used needles. This led to the development of the first fully disposable plastic syringe by New Zealand pharmacist Colin Murdoch in 1956.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/hypodermicsyringe.aspx|title=Hypodermic syringe|website=www.sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=July 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703160400/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/hypodermicsyringe.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> This period also marked a shift in interest from needle specifications to general sterility and safety.<ref name="beckton" />
The 1980s saw the rise of the HIV epidemic and with it renewed concern over the safety of cross-contamination from used needles. New safety controls were designed on disposable needles to ensure the safety of medical workers in particular. These controls were implemented on the needles themselves, such as retractable needles, but also in the handling of used needles, particularly in the use of hard-surface disposal receptacles found in every medical office today.<ref name="beckton" />
By 2008, all-plastic needles were in production and in limited use. One version was made of [[Vectra (plastic)]] [[aromatic]] [[liquid crystal polymer]] tapered from 1.2 mm at the hub to 0.72 mm at the tip (equivalent to 22 gauge metal needle), with an ID/OD ratio of 70%.<ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/26584/busillo_eric_200812_mast.pdf |first=Eric |last=Busillo |publisher= Georgia Institute of Technology |date= July 9, 2008 |title=Characterization of Plastic Hypodermic Needles}}</ref>
==Manufacture==
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