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| country = [[South Korea]]
| creator = No single creator; collaborative effort of [[Choi Yong-sool]]'s earliest students.<ref name = "Hapkido Bible"/><ref name=segye>{{cite web|url=http://www.segye.com/Articles/NEWS/CULTURE/Article.asp?aid=20100216002847&subctg1=&subctg2= |title=[박정진의 무맥&#93; (24) 일본에서 다시 돌아온 화랑무예 합기도|date=16 February 2010 |publisher=[[Segye Ilbo]] |access-date=2015-10-28}}</ref><ref name="mookas1028">{{cite web|url=http://mookas.com/media_view.asp?news_no=10750 |title=[허인욱의 무인이야기&#93;장보고와 정년 그리고 송징 |publisher=Mookas.com |access-date=2015-10-28}}</ref>
| famous pract = {{Plain list|
| famous pact = [[Chinil Chang 10th Dan/Inheritor]],<br />[[Ji Han-jae]], [[Myung Kwang-sik]],<br />[[Han Bong-soo]],<br />[[Myung Jae-nam]],<br />[[Oh Se-lim]],<br /> [[Kim Yoon-sang]], <br /> [[Jackie Chan]], <br /> [[Chan-sung Jung]], <br />[[Angela Mao]], <br />[[Sammo Hung]], <br />[[Wesley Snipes]], <br /> [[Byun Baekhyun]] the was a dojang in Binh
* [[Chinil Chang 10th Dan/Inheritor]]
Dinh Vietnam. Gw west was a military student there.
{{Main|* [[Ji Han-jae}}]]▼
* [[Myung Kwang-sik]]
* [[Han Bong-soo]]
* [[Myung Jae-nam]]
* [[Oh Se-lim]]
* [[Kim Yoon-sang]]
* [[Jackie Chan]]
* [[Chan-sung Jung]]
* [[Angela Mao]]
* [[Sammo Hung]]
* [[Wesley Snipes]]
* [[Byun Baekhyun]]
}}
| parenthood = [[Japanese martial arts]]
| ancestor arts = {{Plain list|
* [[Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu]],
* [[Judo]],
* [[Chinese martial arts]]
}}
| descendant arts = [[Sin Moo Hapkido]],<br />Jung Ki Hapkido,<br />Huek Choo Kwan Hapkido,<br />Hapmudo,<br />[[Hankido]],<br />[[Hwa Rang Do]],<br />[[Kuk Sool Won|Kuk Sul Won]],<br />[[Combat Hapkido]],<br />[[Hapki yusul]],<br /> Kwan Nyom Hapkido
| descendant arts = {{Plain list|
| Olympic sport = No▼
* [[Sin Moo Hapkido]]
 
* Jung Ki Hapkido
}}{{Infobox Korean name▼
* Huek Choo Kwan Hapkido
* Hapmudo
* [[Hankido]]
* [[Hwa Rang Do]]
* [[Kuk Sool Won|Kuk Sul Won]]
* [[Combat Hapkido]]
* [[Hapki yusul]]
* Kwan Nyom Hapkido
}}
▲| Olympic sport = No
}}
▲}}{{Infobox Korean name
| hangul = 합기도
| hanja = 合氣道
| mr = Hapkido
| rr = Hapgido
|}}
|}}[[File:Hapkido.svg | thumb | 220x124px | right]]
 
'''Hapkido''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|h|æ|p|k|iː|ˈ|d|əʊ}} {{Respell|HAP|kee|DOH}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/hapkido|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109021938/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/hapkido|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 9, 2017|title=hapkido|website=[[OxfordDictionaries.com]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|h|ɑː|p|'|k|iː|d|oʊ}} {{Respell|hahp|KEE|doh}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hapkido|title=hapkido|website=[[Merriam-Webster]]|access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref> also spelled '''''hap ki do''''' or '''''hapki-do'''''; from [[Korean language|Korean]] 합기도 ''hapgido'' {{IPA-ko|hap̚.ki.do|}}) is a [[Korean martial arts|Korean]] [[martial art]]. It is a form of [[self-defense]] that employs [[joint lock]]s, [[grappling]], [[throw (grappling)|throw]]ing techniques, [[kick]]s, [[punch (combat)|punch]]es, and other striking attacks. It also teaches the use of traditional weapons, including [[knife]], [[sword]], [[rope]], [[nunchaku]] (ssang juhl bong), [[Stick-fighting|cane]] (ji pang ee), short stick (dan bong), and middle-length [[Stick fighting|staff]] (joong [[Bō|bong]]), [[Gun (staff)|gun (analogous to the Japanese jō)]], and [[bō]] (Japanese), which vary in emphasis depending on the particular tradition examined.
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== Name ==
''Hapkido'' or {{lang|ko|합기도}} in the native Korean writing system [[Hangulhangul]] is rendered as {{linktext|合|氣|道}} in [[Hanjahanja]]. This is similar to how the [[Japanese martial art|Japanese]] ''[[aikido]]'' was written using [[Kyūjitaikyūjitai]] in the pre-1946 period. Currently, though, the second character is preferably written in Japanese using [[Shinjitaishinjitai]], which substitutes the original [[氣]] with the modern, simplified {{linktext|気}}, thus reducing the number of strokes by 4four.
 
In Hanjahanja, the character {{lang|zh|合}} ''hap'' means "coordinated", "joining", or "harmony"; {{lang|zh|氣}} ''[[Qi|ki]]'' literally means air, gas or breath but is used to mean spirit or so-called 'internal energy'; and {{lang|zh|道}} ''do'' means "way" or "art", yielding a literal translation of "joining-energy-way". It is most often translated as "the way of coordinating energy", "the way of coordinated power", or "the way of harmony".
 
Although Japanese [[aikido]] and Korean hapkido share common technical origins, in time they have become separate and distinct from one another. They differ significantly in philosophy, range of responses, and manner of executing techniques. The fact that they share the same Japanese technical ancestry represented by their respective founders' practice of [[Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu]], and that they share the same Chinese characters, despite {{lang|zh|合}} being pronounced "ai" in Japanese and "hap" in Korean, has proved problematic in promoting hapkido internationally as a discipline with its own set of unique characteristics differing from those common to Japanese martial arts.{{citationCitation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
== History and major figures from Korea ==
The birth of modern hapkido can be traced to the efforts of a group of Korean nationals in the post-Japanese colonial period of Korea,: [[Choi Yong-sool]] (최용술) (1904–1986) and his most prominent students; Chinil Chang, his personally chosen successor, Seo Bok-Seob, the first student of the art; [[Ji Han-jae]] (born 1936), one of the earliest promoters of the art; [[Kim Moo-hong]], a major innovator; [[Myung Jae-nam]], a connector between the art of hapkido and aikido,; and [[Myung Kwang-sik]] the historian and ambassador, all of whom were direct students of Choi or of his immediate students.<ref name=segye>{{cite web|url=http://www.segye.com/Articles/NEWS/CULTURE/Article.asp?aid=20100216002847&subctg1=&subctg2= |title=[박정진의 무맥&#93; (24) 일본에서 다시 돌아온 화랑무예 합기도|date=16 February 2010 |publisher=[[Segye Ilbo]] |access-date=2015-10-28}}</ref><ref name="mookas1028" />
 
=== Choi Yong-sool ===
{{Main|Choi Yong-sool}}
[[File:Choi Yong-sool portrait 888.jpg|thumb|right|Master Choi Yong-sool (circac.&nbsp;1954)]]
 
Choi Yong-sool (최용술)'s <ref name="Choi Yong-sul">{{cite web|title=Choi Yong-sul|url=https://www.ushapkido.com/choiyong.htm}}</ref> training in martial arts is a subject of contention. It is known that Choi was sent to [[Japan]] as a young boy and returned to [[Korea]] with techniques characteristic of [[Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu]], a forerunner of aikido.
 
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403060400/http://www.rimshapkido.com/ysc.html
|archive-date=2007-04-03
}}</ref> In the interview with Chin-il Chang, Choi claimed to have been adopted by [[Takeda Sōkaku]] when he was 11 years old and to have been given the [[Japanese language|Japanese]] name, Yoshida Asao. He claims to have been taken to Takeda's home and [[dojo]] in [[Akita Prefecture|Akita]] on Shin Shu mountain where he lived and trained with the master for 30 years. The interview also asserts that he travelled with him as a teaching assistant, that he was employed to catch war deserters and that he was the only student to have a complete understanding of the system taught by Takeda.<ref name="rimshapkido.com"/>
 
This is contradicted by other claims asserting that Choi was simply a worker in the home of Takeda. The meticulous enrollment and fee records of Tokimune Takeda, Takeda's eldest son and Daitō-ryū's successor, do not seem to include Choi's name among them. Therefore, except for claims made by Choi himself, there is little evidence that Choi was the adopted son of Takeda. Kondo Katsuyuki (current head of the mainline Daito Ryu) has however released a page from Takeda Sokaku's eimeiroku that contains Choi Yong-sul's name.<ref name="join-usama.com">[http://www.join-usama.com/blog/confirmation-of-hapkidos-connection-to-daito-ryu Hapkido's Connection to Daito Ryu confirmed]</ref>
 
[[File:Takeda Sokaku.jpg|thumb|200px|Retouched photograph of the master of Daito Ryu Aiki-jujutsu [[Takeda Sōkaku]] (circac.&nbsp;1888)]]
 
[[Stanley Pranin]], then of Aiki News and now editor of the Aikidojournal.com, asked [[Kisshomaru Ueshiba]] about Choi Yong-sool and hapkido:
 
{{Centered pull quote|'''On another subject, it is true that a Korean named "Choi" who founded hapkido studied aikido or Daito-ryu?'''
I don't know what art it was but I understand that there was a young Korean of about 17 or 18 who participated in a seminar of Sokaku Takeda Sensei held in [[Asahikawa|Asahikawa City]] in [[Hokkaidō]]. It seems that he studied the art together with [[Morihei Ueshiba|my father]] and would refer to him as his "senior".
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=== Chang (Jang) In-mok ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2024}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2024}}[[File:Dr. Chang In Mok.png|thumb|Grand Patriarch Dr. Chang In-mok (1960)]]Grand Patriarch Jang In-mok (born 15 August 1912) of Daegu, who also trained under Takeda Sokaku's lineage, returned to Daegu in 1945 like Grand Patriarch Choi Yong-sul. He was a doctor of Oriental medicine and taught aikijitsu as hapkido. Jang learned Dae Dong Ryu Yu Sul Hapkido from his teachers Masuta Yutaka and [[Takeda Sōkaku|Takeda Sokaku]] in Japan. Choi Yong-sool trained many students but Jang only trained a few. Jang's notable students included Han-young Choi (Chun Ki Do), Jang Seeung-ho, Song Joon-hwi, Hu Il-wong (teacher of Peter and Joseph Kim) and Song Il-hun. He introduced the Dae Don Ryu Sul system to Korea in 1960. He first learned martial arts in Japan in September 1928 with Daito-ryu Jujitsu and received his certificate in 1935 from Yutaka, a student of Sodaku.▼
[[File:Dr. Chang In Mok.png|thumb|Grand Patriarch Dr. Chang In-mok (1960)]]
 
▲{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2024}}[[File:Dr. Chang In Mok.png|thumb|Grand Patriarch Dr. Chang In-mok (1960)]]Grand Patriarch Jang In-mok (born 15 August 1912) of Daegu, who also trained under Takeda Sokaku's lineage, returned to Daegu in 1945 like Grand Patriarch Choi Yong-sul. He was a doctor of Oriental medicine and taught aikijitsu as hapkido. Jang learned Dae Dong Ryu Yu Sul Hapkido from his teachers Masuta Yutaka and [[Takeda Sōkaku|Takeda Sokaku]] in Japan. Choi Yong-sool trained many students but Jang only trained a few. Jang's notable students included Han-young Choi (Chun Ki Do), Jang Seeung-ho, Song Joon-hwi, Hu Il-wong (teacher of Peter and Joseph Kim) and Song Il-hun. He introduced the Dae Don Ryu Sul system to Korea in 1960. He first learned martial arts in Japan in September 1928 with Daito-ryu Jujitsu and received his certificate in 1935 from Yutaka, a student of Sodaku.
 
=== Han-young Choi ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2024}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2024}}[[File:Han-young Choi 1980.jpg|thumb|Grand Master Han-young Choi in his first gym in El Paso (1980)]] Kwang Jang Nim Han-young Choi was born in Kyongkido, Korea December 11, 1935. He began his formal martial arts training at the age of four, instructed by his father (Chun-san Choi) and his uncle (Man-san Choi), in 1939 to learn his family's martial arts system, a system based on stepping, spinning, and jumping.
[[File:Han-young Choi 1980.jpg|thumb|Grand Master Han-young Choi in his first gym in El Paso (1980)]]
The founder of [https://www.unsere-luftwaffe.com/https/-/www-chunkido-de10/ Chun Ki Do Hapkido] Grand Master Han-young Choi learned also [[Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo|Taekwondo Mudokwan]] under Grandmaster Hwang Kee [[Hwang Kee|Hwang Ki]] and was also a top student and pioneer of Taekwondo in Korea. Choi, Han-young Choi, was the first student of [https://www.unsere-luftwaffe.com/https/-/www-chunkido-de5/ Dr. Chang In-mok's] [[Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu|Dae Dong Ryu Yu Sul]] system in Seoul. His martial arts are based on stepping techniques (triangle step, cross step, skip step), turning and jumping. His early years of formal training at a Buddhist monastery in Kyongi do, where he learned meditation, breathing, and application into the physical world. Hounslow (developed into modern hapkido) – joint manipulation from Grandmaster Chang In Mok. Grandmaster Chang has the same training and lineage as Grandmaster Choi Yong-sul...both brought what is now known as hapkido to Korea from Japan, except Grandmaster Choi commercialized it and Grandmaster Chang did not. Grandmaster Chang focused on oriental medicine and acupuncture. He Choi learned acupuncture and pressure points from him.▼
 
Before he founded the World Chun Ki Association, he belonged to the Daehan Hapkido association and Kuk Sool Won Association. One of his best friends was Suh In-hyuk's older brother, and he asked Grandmaster Choi to help spread Kuk Sool Won in Seoul. In the old days, their spread martial arts by fighting the owner of the neighbourhood schools. Then taking them over and changing the names and techniques. One school at a time, he went neighbourhood by neighbourhood, fighting school owners and taking over schools in the name of Kuk Sool Won. Then he moved to the U.S. and after getting fed up with the politics of Daehan and Kuk Sool Won, he quit and founded the World Chun Ki Do Association.
▲Kwang Jang Nim Han-young Choi was born in Kyongkido, Korea December 11, 1935. He began his formal martial arts training at the age of four, instructed by his father (Chun-san Choi) and his uncle (Man-san Choi), in 1939 to learn his family's martial arts system, a system based on stepping, spinning, and jumping. The founder of [https://www.unsere-luftwaffe.com/https/-/www-chunkido-de10/ Chun Ki Do Hapkido] Grand Master Han-young Choi learned also [[Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo|Taekwondo Mudokwan]] under Grandmaster Hwang Kee [[Hwang Kee|Hwang Ki]] and was also a top student and pioneer of Taekwondo in Korea. Choi, Han-young Choi, was the first student of [https://www.unsere-luftwaffe.com/https/-/www-chunkido-de5/ Dr. Chang In-mok's] [[Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu|Dae Dong Ryu Yu Sul]] system in Seoul. His martial arts are based on stepping techniques (triangle step, cross step, skip step), turning and jumping. His early years of formal training at a Buddhist monastery in Kyongi do, where he learned meditation, breathing, and application into the physical world. Hounslow (developed into modern hapkido) – joint manipulation from Grandmaster Chang In Mok. Grandmaster Chang has the same training and lineage as Grandmaster Choi Yong-sul...both brought what is now known as hapkido to Korea from Japan, except Grandmaster Choi commercialized it and Grandmaster Chang did not. Grandmaster Chang focused on oriental medicine and acupuncture. He Choi learned acupuncture and pressure points from him. Before he founded the World Chun Ki Association, he belonged to the Daehan Hapkido association and Kuk Sool Won Association. One of his best friends was Suh In-hyuk's older brother, and he asked Grandmaster Choi to help spread Kuk Sool Won in Seoul. In the old days, their spread martial arts by fighting the owner of the neighbourhood schools. Then taking them over and changing the names and techniques. One school at a time, he went neighbourhood by neighbourhood, fighting school owners and taking over schools in the name of Kuk Sool Won. Then he moved to the U.S. and after getting fed up with the politics of Daehan and Kuk Sool Won, he quit and founded the World Chun Ki Do Association.
 
Choi, Han-young, was also a pioneer of the Taekwondo Han Moo Kwan system. He held the number one Black Belt certificate from the Han Moo Kwan. Choi, after he had studied for three years under Dr. Chang In-mok, moved to Seoul and began to teach Dae Dong Ryu Yu Sul. But he joined the Kuk Sool organization and taught Dae Dong Ryu Sul under the Kuk Sool name. One of his best friends was Suh In-hyuk's older brother, and he asked Choi to help spread Kuk Sool Won in Seoul. He also has been belonged to the Daehan Hapkido association. In 1972, Choi Han-young immigrated to the United States and moved to El Paso, Texas. He created his own system called Choi's Martial Arts, and later in the 90s, he renamed it to Chun Ki (Heavenly Power). It was his ambition to acquire do so that Chun Ki Do become accepted as a new style, and he achieves tenth-degree black belt status. Grandmaster's goal was to develop his own martial art to reach the 10th-degree black belt. So Chun Ki was born. It took a long time and a lot of work to add the long-dreamed-of Do, and Chun Ki Do gain worldwide recognition in the line of hapkido. As a new style in the colour hapkido world as its own style, Grand Master Han-young Choi was awarded the title of Grand Patriarch, the founder of Chun Ki Do Hapkido. He has trained over 50,000 students in Asia, Europe, and America and is respected by many as one of the few remaining original Hapkido Grandmasters. His belt examination program is methodical and didactically structured, all techniques are explained in simple steps and easy for everyone to understand. With his 15 hand levers, his bring techniques to the man are unique in martial arts. A few of the notable students were: His son Sam Choi, Daniel Ray Walker, and Roman Nikolaus Urban who founded the Chun Ki Do Association in [https://www.unsere-luftwaffe.com/https/-/www-chunkido-de13/ Africa] and [https://www.unsere-luftwaffe.com/https/-/www-chunkido-de21/ Europe], Jaeshin Cho his Nephew and Gregory Jump His first Top-student.
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=== Seo Bok-seob ===
{{Main|Seo Bok-seob}}
 
Choi's first student and the first person known to have opened up a dojang under Choi was Seo Bok-seob (서복섭, also spelled Suh Bok-sup).<ref name=segye/>
 
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===Ji Han-jae===
{{Main|Ji Han-jae}}
[[File:Ji Han Jae et Choi Young Sool.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Grand Master Ji Han-jae (left) and Hapkido founder Choi Yong-sul (right).]]
 
▲{{Main|Ji Han-jae}}
Ji Han-jae (지한재) was undoubtedly the prime mover in the art of Korean hapkido. It is due to his physical skills, technical contributions, promotional efforts and political connections as head hapkido instructor to the presidential body guard under Korean President [[Park Chung Hee|Park Chung-hee]] that hapkido became popularized, first within Korea and then internationally.
 
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|title=Chang Chinil Hapkido 2nd Doju Ceremony
|width=250
|height=300320
|align=center
|File:Hapkido 2nd Doju Chang, Chin Il and JUNGKIKWAN GM Lim, Hyun Soo.jpg|Photos courtescourtesy of cchapkido.com
|File:Hapkido 2nd Doju Chang, Chin Il and JUNGKIKWAN GM Lim, Hyun Soo 2.jpg|
|File:Hapkido 2nd Doju Chang, Chin Il and JUNGKIKWAN GM Lim, Hyun Soo 3.jpg|
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Doju Chang continues to teach in New York City after decades of maintaining a commercial school, as well as a stint teaching hapkido at the United Nations. He currently teaches a small group in NYC dedicated to the preservation of hapkido.<ref name="Chang Interview 02/02/13" /> Many detractors have spread endless conjecture about him. One lineage created further controversy by stating Choi passed the system to his only son, Choi Bok-yeol, which is incorrect, misleading, and insulting to the legacy and wishes of Choi.<ref name="The late Choi Bok-yoel as second successor of Hapkido">{{cite web|title=The late Choi Bok-yoel as second successor of Hapkido|url=http://www.hapkiyusul.com/eng/m2.htm|publisher=Hapkiyusul.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628154815/http://www.hapkiyusul.com/eng/m2.htm|archive-date=June 28, 2017|access-date=2015-10-28}}</ref><ref name="Kim Yung-sang as third successor of Hapkido">{{cite web|title=Kim Yung-sang as third successor of Hapkido|url=http://www.hapkiyusul.com/eng/m3.htm|publisher=Hapkiyusul.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628153903/http://www.hapkiyusul.com/eng/m3.htm|archive-date=June 28, 2017|access-date=2015-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Restall|first1=Barry|title=Young Sul Kwan: History of the Korean Hapkido Hapkiyusul Headquarters|journal=Tae Kwon Do Times|date=November 2006|pages=24–28}}</ref> [[Black Belt Magazine]], respecting Chin-il Chang as the second lineage successor, asked him to write a brief obituary on Choi that appeared in the April 1987 issue.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chang|first1=Chinil|date=April 1987|title=Hapkido Founder Choi Passes On|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NoDAAAAMBAJ|journal=Black Belt Magazine|page=16}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Young|first1=Robert|date=January 1994|title=Jujutsu vs. Hapkido|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdIDAAAAMBAJ|journal=Black Belt Magazine|publisher=Active Interest Media|pages=26–31}}</ref>
 
Doju Chang died peacefully in his sleep on February 23, 2018, at the age of 77 as a result of Hypertensivehypertensive Cardiovascularcardiovascular Diseasedisease.
 
=== Kim Moo-hong ===
{{Main|Kim Moo-hong}}
(alternately rendered as Kim Moo-woong or Kim Mu-hyun)
 
AKim Moo-hong (김무홍; alternately rendered as Kim Moo-woong or Kim Mu-hyun)<ref name=segye/> was a student from the Choi and Seo's Daehan Hapki Yukwonsool Dojang, was Kim Moo-hong (김무홍),<ref name=segye/> who later taught at Seo's main dojang in [[Daegu|Taegu]]. Seo, who promoted Kim to 4th degree, credits Kim with the development of many kicks which are still used in hapkido today. Kim apparentally took the concepts from very basic kicks he had learned from Choi and went to a temple to work on developing them to a much greater degree. Later, in 1961, Kim travelled to Seoul and while staying at Ji Han-jae's Sung Moo Kwan dojang they finalized the kicking curriculum.<ref name = "Hapkido Bible"/>
 
Kim went on to found his Shin Moo Kwan dojang (신무관) in the [[Jongmyo (Seoul)|Jongmyo]] section of Seoul, also in 1961. [[Won Kwang-hwa]] (원광화) and Kim Jung-soo(김정수) also served as instructors at this dojang. Kim's notable students were Lee Han-cheol (이한철), Kim Woo-tak (김우탁; who founded the Kuk Sool Kwan Hapkido dojang), Huh Il-woong (허일웅), Lee Joo-bang (이주방; who founded modern [[Hwa Rang Do]]), Na In-dong (나인동), Shin Dong-ki (신동기) and Seo In-hyuk (서인혁; who founded [[Kuk Sool Won]]).<ref name = "Hapkido Bible"/>
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=== Lim Hyun-soo ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2024}}
 
Lim, Hyun-soo was born in Gue-Chang Kyungnam Province in Korea on Sept. 7, 1944. In 1965 he visited hapkido Founder Choi, Yong-sool and had his first meeting with hapkido. In 1965, he began his training in hapkido by Master Kim, Yeung-jae, the chief master at Choi Yong-sul's dojang. From 1978, Lim attained all of his rank and training directly from Choi Dojunim. During his time training in Hapkido, he endured strict and intense training. With Founder Choi's blessing, he opened the Jung Ki Kwan on October 24, 1974. In 1976 Founder Choi retired and closed his dojang, joined the Jung Ki Kwan, though he retired actively from public teaching. Founder Choi privately taught Lim during his visits. Founder Choi would also spend his days at the Jung Ki Kwan playing Baduk (Chinese chess) with Lim. It was during these times, Lim would further inquire to Founder Choi about various Hapkido techniques. Lim has the Jung Ki Kwan headquarters in Daegu City. He was promoted to 9th dan by Hapkido Founder, Choi, Yong-sool. He is an accomplished swordsman and created Chung Suk Kuhapdo after studying and investigating numerous sword styles in Japan and South Korea.. Choi Yong-sul told Lim Hyun-soo that learning the sword would be an essential component to his hapkido training and approved of Lim's sword training. Lim attends the Jung Ki Kwan daily teaching students inside Korea and from around the world. Since 1996, he has visited the U.S. for seminars numerous times. In addition, he has visited Europe such as the Sweden and the Netherlands for Hapkido and Chung Suk Kuhapdo seminars.<br>
 
{{Gallery
|title=Doju Choi Yong-sool & GM Lim Hyun-soo at the JUNGKIKWAN
|width=270200
|height=200
|align=center
|File:Hapkido doju Choi, Yong Sul & GM Lim, Hyun Soo at the JUNGKIKWAN 4.jpg|
|File:Hapkido doju & GM Lim at Jungkikwan.png|
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{{Gallery
|title=Doju Choi Yong-sool & GM Lim Hyun-soo at the JUNGKIKWAN 2
|width=270200
|height=200
|align=center
|File:Hapkido doju Choi, Yong Sul & GM Lim, Hyun Soo at the JUNGKIKWAN 6.jpg|
|File:Hapkido doju Choi, Yong Sul & GM Lim, Hyun Soo at the JUNGKIKWAN 3.jpg|
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=== Han Bong-soo ===
{{Main|Han Bong-soo}}
(alternately rendered as Bong-soo Han)
{{BLP sources section|date=December 2014}}
 
Han Bong-soo (한봉수; alternately rendered as Bong-soo Han) began his training in hapkido after seeing a demonstration put on by the founder, Yong-sul Choi. From then on, he committed himself to hapkido training under Choi and other teachers, but never received any direct high ranking from Choi himself. Han was one of the world's foremost practitioners of hapkido, and is referred to as the Father of his own offshoot of modern hapkido in the Western World. He led a dedicated effort in the development of his own version of hapkido. He taught thousands of loyal students throughout his life with many becoming masters themselves. Other masters across all styles have sought out his wisdom and teachings.
 
In 1967, Han emigrated to the United States of America, first staying with and teaching at his friend S. O. Choi's hapkido school in California. Han later opened his own school in Los Angeles in 1968. His early years were difficult and he worked in a factory during the day while he taught at a struggling hapkido school in the evening located in an economically depressed area. Later, he relocated his school to the Pacific Palisades area in an effort to be closer to Hollywood and the movie industry.
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Kim Jung-soo (김정수) is mostly known for being the founder and president of the Korea-based World Hapkido General Federation, also known as World Hapkido Federation, collecting most of the schools under the Yun Bee Kwan (윤비관) linage in one federation.<ref name="World Hapkido General Federation.">{{cite web|url=http://www.hapkimudo.co.kr/index1.asp|title=사단법인 세계합기도총연맹|publisher=Hapkimudo.co.kr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404002331/http://www.hapkimudo.co.kr/index1.asp|archive-date=April 4, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=2015-10-28}}</ref> This organization has since expanded worldwide. While having a similar name, this organization is not to be confused with the U.S. based World Hapkido Federation<ref name="Martialtalk.com, April 9th, 2015. World Hapkido Federation(s).">{{cite web|url=http://www.martialtalk.com/threads/world-hapkido-federation-s.118043/ |title=World Hapkido Federation(s) &#124; MartialTalk.Com – Friendly Martial Arts Forum Community |date=29 April 2015 |publisher=MartialTalk.Com |access-date=2015-10-28}}</ref> founded by Kwang Sik Myung (광시숭).
 
Kim Jung-soo is currently{{When|date=July 2024}} teaching from his dojang in [[Daegu|Taegu City]], South Korea.<ref name="World Hapkido General Federation."/>
 
=== Myung Jae-nam ===
 
In 1972, Myung Jae-nam (명재남) was one of the original members of the Korea Hapkido Association (대한 합기도 협회), which was formed in 1965 at the request of the South Korean President [[Park Chung Hee|Park Jeong-hee]]. The Korea Hapkido Association was formed with the assistance of Park Jong-kyu, who was the head of the Presidential Protective Forces and one of the most powerful men in Korea at the time.<ref name="Hapkido Bible">{{cite book
| last = Kimm
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===Kim Yun-sik===
{{Main|Kim Yun-sik}}
 
Kim Yun-sik (김윤식) was born in [[Seoul]] in 1943. He is the founder of Bum Moo Kwan Hapkido.<ref name="Kim Yun-sik">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbhkd.com.br/?page_id=36 |title=Yun-sik Kim – |publisher=Cbhkd.com.br |access-date=2015-10-28}}</ref> He began his [[martial arts]] training in 1954 under the direction of [[Choi Yong-sool]], and received the black belt from Choi in 1957. That same year, he received the black belt in [[Tang Soo Do]] from Grandmaster [[Hwang Kee]].<ref name="Kim Yun-sik"/>
 
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=== Lim Chae-kwan===
Grandmaster Lim Chae-kwan is the founder of Jin Mu Kwan. The Jin Mu Kwan (''Jin'': "authentic, true"; ''Mu'': "martial"; ''Kwan'': "school or training hall") is a traditional art of hapkido.
 
Grandmaster Lim Chae-kwan is the Founder of Jin Mu Kwan.
The Jin Mu Kwan is a traditional art of hapkido.
JIN- Authentic, true.
MU- Martial
KWAN- School or training hall.
 
This school was founded by Grandmaster Lim Chae-kwan in 2007 after many years of research and study into the Hapkido of Founder Choi Young-sul. As a high school student, Lim, Chea-kwan began his Hapkido training under Grand Master Lim, Hyun-soo. Through the courtesy of his teacher at that time Grand Master Lim, Hyun-soo, president of the Jung Ki-kwan, he obtained a 4th dan certificate signed by Founder Choi Yong-sul. Since Choi's death in 1986 GM Lim studied with the top students of Founder Choi. Some of these Grandmasters were GM Jun Jeong-pil (kicking), GM Lee Jae-young (advanced wrist technology), GM Lee Young-hee (clothing grab defense), GM Chae Hung-jun (special offensive techniques for joint locking and throwing), GM Kim Yeong-jae (special self-protection techniques).
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== Principles ==
 
On the "[[hard and soft (martial arts)|hard-soft]]" scale of martial arts, hapkido stands somewhere in the middle, employing "soft" techniques similar to [[jujutsu]] and [[aikido]] as well as "hard" techniques reminiscent of [[taekwondo]] and [[Tang Soo Do|tang soo do]]. Even the "hard" techniques, though, emphasize circular rather than linear movements. Hapkido is an [[Eclecticism|eclectic]], [[Hybrid martial arts|hybrid martial art]], and different hapkido schools emphasize different techniques. However, some core techniques are found in each school (''[[Kwans|kwan]]''), and all techniques should follow the three principles of hapkido:
 
* Harmony or blending principle ({{Korean|hangul=화|hanja=和|rr=hwa}})
* Circle principle ({{Korean|hangul=원|hanja=圓|rr=won}})
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=== Kicking ===
<div style="float:right; width:;">
[[File:Hkd-kby-kick.jpg|thumb|260px|A bidirectional kick.]]<br />
[[File:Stevesexton flying sidekick.gif|thumb|260px|A [[Flying kick|flying side kick]].]]<br />
 
</div>
The wide variety of [[kick]]s in hapkido make it distinctly Korean. Taekwondo kicks appear to be similar to many of the kicks found in hapkido, though again circular motion is emphasized. Also, in contrast to most modern taekwondo styles, hapkido utilises a wide variety of low (below the waist), hooking or sweeping kicks, with one of the most distinctive being the low spinning (sweeping) heel kick.
 
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After these kicks are mastered using one foot, the student moves on to jumping versions, alternating the kicking legs.
 
Kim Chong-sung (김종성, Jang Mu Won Hapkido Founder), was one of the oldest living active hapkido instructors, who maintains that the source of these kicking methods is from the indigenous Korean kicking art of [[Taekkyon]]. Others feel that these kicks are more representative of kong soo do and tang soo do styles which emerged from an adaptation of Japanese karate forms.
 
=== Hand strikes ===
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== See also ==
*[[Korean martial arts|Korean Martial Arts]]
* [[Aiki (martial arts principle)]]
* [[Jujutsu|Ju Jutsu]]
 
==References==
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== Further reading ==
{{Commons category}}▼
{{Wiktionary}}▼
* Myung, Kwang-sik. ''Korean Hapkido: Ancient Art of Masters''. World Hapkido Federation, Los Angeles, California, 1976.▼
* Myung, Kwang-sik. ''Hapkido: Special Self-Protection Techniques''. World Hapkido Federation, Los Angeles, California, 1993.▼
* Myung, Kwang-sik. ''Hapkido Textbook'' (Vol. 1–5). World Hapkido Federation, Los Angeles, California, 2000.▼
* Kim, He-young. ''Hapkido''. Andrew Jackson Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1991.
* Kim, He-young. ''Hapkido II''. Andrew Jackson Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1994.
* Kim, He-young. ''History of Korea and Hapkido''. Andrew Jackson Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 2008.
▲* Myung, Kwang-sik. ''Korean Hapkido: Ancient Art of Masters''. World Hapkido Federation, Los Angeles, California, 1976.
▲* Myung, Kwang-sik. ''Hapkido: Special Self-Protection Techniques''. World Hapkido Federation, Los Angeles, California, 1993.
▲* Myung, Kwang-sik. ''Hapkido Textbook'' (Vol. 1–5). World Hapkido Federation, Los Angeles, California, 2000.
 
== External links ==
▲* {{Commons category inline}}
▲* {{Wiktionary inline}}
 
{{Clear}}
{{Hapkido}}
{{Korean martial arts}}
{{martialMartial arts}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
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