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{{about|the war between 1655 and 1660|other wars termed "Northern War"|Northern Wars}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict =
| partof = [[Northern Wars]]
| image = Second Northern War.jpg
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{{Campaignbox Dano-Swedish Wars}}
{{Campaignbox Second Northern War}}
The '''
In 1655, [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden]] invaded and occupied western Poland–Lithuania, the eastern half of which was [[Russo-Polish War (1654–67)|already occupied by Russia]]. The rapid Swedish advance became known in Poland as the [[Deluge (history)|Swedish Deluge]]. The [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] [[Union of Kėdainiai|became]] a [[Swedish Lithuania|Swedish protectorate]], the Polish–Lithuanian regular armies surrendered and the Polish king [[John II Casimir Vasa]] fled to the [[Habsburgs]]. [[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg]] and [[Duchy of Prussia|Duke of Prussia]] initially supported the [[Prussian estates|estates]] in [[Royal Prussia]], but [[Treaty of Königsberg (1656)|allied with Sweden]] in return for receiving the Duchy of Prussia as a Swedish fief. Exploiting the hurt religious feelings of the [[Roman Catholic]] population under [[Protestantism|Protestant]] occupation and organizing Polish–Lithuanian military leaders in the [[Tyszowce Confederation]], John II Casimir Vasa managed to regain ground in 1656. Russia took advantage of the Swedish setback, [[Russo-Swedish War (1656–58)|declared war on Sweden]] and pushed into Lithuania and [[Swedish Livonia]].
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The colony of [[New Sweden]] lay along the [[Delaware River]], a territory claimed but not settled by Dutch [[New Netherland]]. The Swedish colonists were the preferred trading partners of the [[Susquehannock]], who at that time were the most powerful indigenous group in the Susquehanna River valley and rivals to the [[Iroquois Confederacy]] further north. The Iroquois in turn were allies of the Dutch.
The Dutch–Polish alliance in Europe left its mark in New Netherland. Among the small Polish community in [[New Amsterdam]] was [[Daniel Liczko]], a military officer who took part in an expedition to erect a fort in Swedish territory in 1651. Director-General [[Peter Stuyvesant]] named the outpost [[Fort Casimir]] after the Polish king,<ref name="Wandycz1980">{{cite book|author=Piotr Stefan Wandycz|title=The United States and Poland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XaFaNshCrkC&pg=PA33|year=1980|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674926851|pages=33–}}</ref> but it was captured and renamed Fort Trinity (Swedish: ''Trefaldigheten'') by Swedish governor [[Johan Risingh]] in May 1654. Following the outbreak of the
On 15 September, while the bulk of the Dutch garrison was still in New Sweden, 500 [[Munsee]] occupied New Amsterdam in what in known as the [[Peach War]]. No bloodshed occurred until the Dutch opened fire as the Munsee were preparing to depart. In response the Munsee attacked [[Pavonia, New Netherland|Pavonia]] and [[Staten Island]]. Stuyvesant later reported 40 deaths and 100 captives taken. Many Dutch settlers from outlying farms took refuge at [[Fort Amsterdam]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ruttenber |first1=Edward Manning |title=The History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River |date=1872 |publisher=J. Munsell |location=Albany, New York |url=https://archive.org/details/ruttenberindians00ruttrich}}</ref><ref name="Trelease">{{cite book |last1=Trelease |first1=Allan W. |title=Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century |date=1960 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |url=https://archive.org/details/indianaffairsinc0000alle |url-access=registration}}</ref>
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==Peace==
{{multiple image|direction=vertical|width=250|image1=<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: Treaty of Oliwa.jpg -->|image2=Swedish_Empire.svg|caption1=[[Treaty of Oliwa]]|caption2=Territorial gains of the [[Swedish Empire]] after the [[Treaty of Roskilde]] and [[Treaty of Copenhagen (1660)]]. The
Charles X Gustav fell ill in early 1660 and died on 23 February of that year. With his death, one of the major obstacles to peace was gone and the [[Treaty of Oliva]] was signed on 23 April. Sweden was accepted as sovereign in [[Swedish Livonia]], Brandenburg was accepted as sovereign in [[Ducal Prussia]], and John II Casimir withdrew his claims to the Swedish throne, though he was to retain the title for life. All occupied territories were restored to their pre-war sovereigns.<ref name=Frost183>Frost (2000), p. 183</ref>
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