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Some 30% of [[Aka language]] is not Bantu, and a similar percentage of [[Baka language]] is not Ubangian. Much of pygmy vocabulary is botanical, dealing with honey collecting, or is otherwise specialized for the forest and is shared between the two western pygmy groups. It has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western pygmy (Mbenga or "Baaka") language. However, this type of vocabulary is subject to widespread borrowing among the Pygmies and neighboring peoples, and the "Baaka" language was only reconstructed to the 15th century.<ref>Serge Bahuchet, 1993, ''History of the inhabitants of the central African rain forest: perspectives from comparative linguistics.'' In C.M. Hladik, ed., ''Tropical forests, people, and food: Biocultural interactions and applications to development.'' Paris: Unesco/Parthenon. {{ISBN|1-85070-380-9}}</ref>
African Pygmy populations are genetically diverse and extremely divergent from all other human populations, suggesting they have an ancient indigenous lineage. Their [[Genetic marker|uniparental markers]] represent the second-most ancient divergence, after those typically found in [[Khoisan]] peoples.<ref name="Tishkoff2009">{{cite journal | title = The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans | journal = Science | year = 2009 | display-authors = 1 | pmid = 19407144 | doi = 10.1126/science.1172257 | last1 = Tishkoff | first1 = SA | last2 = Reed | first2 = FA | last3 = Friedlaender | first3 = FR | last4 = Ehret | first4 = C | last5 = Ranciaro | first5 = A | last6 = Froment | first6 = A | last7 = Hirbo | first7 = JB | last8 = Awomoyi | first8 = AA | last9 = Bodo | first9 = JM | volume = 324 | issue = 5930 | pages = 1035–44 | pmc = 2947357 | bibcode = 2009Sci...324.1035T
| last1 = Patin | first1 = E.
| last2 = Laval | first2 = G.
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[[Negrito]]s in [[Southeast Asia]] (including the [[Batak people (Philippines)|Batak]] and [[Aeta people|Aeta]] of the Philippines, the [[Andamanese peoples|Andamanese]] of the [[Andaman Islands]], and the [[Semang]] of the [[Malay Peninsula]]) are sometimes called pygmies (especially in older literature). Negritos share some common physical features with African pygmy populations, including short stature and [[dark skin]]. The name "Negrito", from the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] adjective meaning "small black person", was given by early explorers. The explorers who named the Negritos assumed the Andamanese they encountered were from Africa. This belief was, however, discarded by anthropologists who noted that apart from dark skin, peppercorn hair, and [[steatopygia]], the Andamanese had little in common with any African population, including the African pygmies.<ref name="liu">{{Cite book |last=Liu |first=James J.Y. |title=The Chinese Knight Errant |location=London |publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul |date=1967 |isbn=0-226-48688-5}}</ref> Their superficial resemblance to some Africans and [[Melanesians]] is thought to be from living in a similar environment, or simply retentions of the initial human form.<ref name="Thangaraj" />
Their origin and the route of their migration to Asia is a matter of great speculation. They are genetically distant from Africans<ref name="Thangaraj">{{cite journal| doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2| first = Kumarasamy| last = Thangaraj| display-authors = etal| title = Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population| journal = Current Biology| volume = 13| issue = 2| pages = 86–93(8)| date = 21 January 2003| pmid = 12546781| s2cid = 12155496| doi-access = free| bibcode = 2003CBio...13...86T}}</ref> and have been shown to have separated early from Asians,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yew|first1=Chee-Wei|last2=Lu|first2=Dongsheng|last3=Deng|first3=Lian|last4=Wong|first4=Lai-Ping|last5=Ong|first5=Rick Twee-Hee|last6=Lu|first6=Yan|last7=Wang|first7=Xiaoji|last8=Yunus|first8=Yushimah|last9=Aghakhanian|first9=Farhang|last10=Mokhtar|first10=Siti Shuhada|last11=Hoque|first11=Mohammad Zahirul|date=2018|title=Genomic structure of the native inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo suggests complex human population history in Southeast Asia|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29383489/|journal=Human Genetics|volume=137|issue=2|pages=161–173|doi=10.1007/s00439-018-1869-0|issn=1432-1203|pmid=29383489|s2cid=253969988 |quote=The analysis of time of divergence suggested that ancestors of Negrito were the earliest settlers in the Malay Peninsula, whom first separated from the Papuans ~ 50-33 thousand years ago (kya), followed by East Asian (~ 40-15 kya)...}}</ref> suggesting that they are either surviving descendants of settlers from the early [[Recent African origin of modern humans|out-of-Africa migration]] of the [[Southern Dispersal|Great Coastal Migration]] of the [[Australo-Melanesian|Proto-Australoids]], or that they are descendants of one of the founder populations of modern humans.<ref name="Kashyap">{{cite journal | last1 = Kashyap | first1 = VK | last2 = Sitalaximi | first2 = T | last3 = Sarkar | first3 = BN | last4 = Trivedi | first4 = R | year = 2003 | title = Molecular relatedness of the aboriginal groups of Andaman and Nicobar Islands with similar ethnic populations | url = http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/IJHG/IJHG-03-0-000-000-2003-Web/IJHG-03-1-001-067-2003-Abst-PDF/IJHG-03-1-005-011-2003-Kashyap/IJHG-03-1-005-011-2003-Kashyap.pdf | journal = The International Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 3 | pages = 5–11 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090327171812/http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/IJHG/IJHG-03-0-000-000-2003-Web/IJHG-03-1-001-067-2003-Abst-PDF/IJHG-03-1-005-011-2003-Kashyap/IJHG-03-1-005-011-2003-Kashyap.pdf | archive-date = 2009-03-27 | doi = 10.1080/09723757.2003.11885820 | s2cid = 31992842 }}</ref>
[[Frank Kingdon-Ward]] in the early 20th century reported a tribe of pygmy [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] speakers known as the [[Taron people|Taron]] inhabiting the remote region of Mt. [[Hkakabo Razi]] in Southeast Asia on the border of China ([[Yunnan]] and [[Tibet]]), Burma, and India.<ref>Alan Rabinowitz 1990s,{{clarify|date=September 2018}} P. Christiaan Klieger 2003{{clarify|date=September 2018}}</ref> A Burmese survey done in the 1960s reported a mean height of an adult male Taron at 1.43 m (4'6") and that of females at 1.40 m (4'5"). These are the only known "pygmies" of clearly [[Mongoloid|East Asian]] descent.
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Some Aboriginal [[oral histories]] and [[oral tradition]]s from Queensland tell of "little red men". In 1957 a member of the Jinibara (the [[Dalla people]]) tribe of SE Queensland, Gaiarbau, who was born in 1873 and had lived for many years traditionally with his tribe, said that he knew of the "existence of these "little people – the Dinderi", also known as "Dimbilum", "Danagalalangur" and "Kandju". Gaiarbau claims he saw members of a "tribe of small people ... and said they were like dwarfs ... and ... not ... any of them stood five feet [1.5m]."<ref name="Winterbotham, Lindsay P. 1957">{{cite web |url= https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/36299846?q&versionId=46655024 |title=Gaiarbau's story of the Jinibara tribe of South East Queensland and its neighbours |author=Winterbotham, Lindsay P.|date=1957 }}</ref> The Dinderi are also recorded in other stories, such as one concerning a [[platypus]] myth<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=e6WBCgAAQBAJ |title=Aboriginal Pathways: in Southeast Queensland and the Richmond River |author=John Gladstone Steele|date=1983 |publisher=Univ. of Queensland Press |isbn=9780702257421 }}</ref> and another, ''The Dinderi and Gujum - The Legend of the Stones of the Mary River''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Service | website=Queensland Health | date=30 October 2017 | url=https://www.health.qld.gov.au/sunshinecoast/html/atsi-health-serv | access-date=16 June 2020}} [https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/file/0022/360634/lh-3.mp3 Audio]</ref>
Susan McIntyre-Tamwoy, archaeologist and Adjunct Professor at [[James Cook University]], has written<ref>{{cite
According to Nathan Sentance, a librarian from the indigenous Wiradjuri nation employed by the Australian National Museum, there is no known archaeological or biological evidence such a people existed. Sentance claims it is a myth used to justify the [[colonisation of Australia]] as well as other countries by Europeans.<ref>{{cite web | title=Dismantling the Australian pygmy people myth | website=The Australian Museum | url=https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/first-nations/debunking-australian-pygmy-people-myth/ | access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>
=== Micronesia and Melanesia ===
Norman Gabel mentions that rumours exist of pygmy people in the interior mountains of [[Viti Levu]] in [[Fiji]], but explains he had no evidence of their existence as of 2012.<ref>{{cite
[[Edward Winslow Gifford|E. W. Gifford]] reiterated Gabel's statement in 2014 and claims that tribes of pygmies in the closest proximity to Fiji would most likely be found in Vanuatu.<ref name="auckland" />
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== Archaic humans ==
The extinct [[archaic human]] species ''[[Homo luzonensis]]'' has been classified as a pygmy group.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} The remains used to identify ''Homo luzonensis'' were discovered in [[Luzon]], [[the Philippines]], in 2007, and were designated as a species in 2019. ''[[Homo floresiensis]]'', another archaic human from the island of [[Flores]] in [[Indonesia]], stood around 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) tall. The pygmy phenotype evolved as a result of [[island syndrome]] which, amongst other things, results in reduced body size in insular humans.<ref name="the island syndrome">{{cite journal |last1= Baeckens |first1= Simon |last2= Van Damme |first2= Raoul|date= 20 April 2020|title=The island syndrome |journal= Current Biology |volume= 30 |issue=8 |pages= R329–R339 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.029|pmid= 32315628 |doi-access= free |bibcode= 2020CBio...30.R338B }}</ref>
== See also ==
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