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{{Short description|Parent of one's parents}}
{{Redirect-several|dab=off|Grandfather (disambiguation)|Grandmother (disambiguation)|Grandma (disambiguation)|Grandpa (disambiguation)|Granddad (disambiguation)|Gramps (disambiguation){{!}}Gramps or Gramp|El abuelo (disambiguation){{!}}Abuelo|Abuela (disambiguation){{!}}Abuela|Grandaddy}}
[[File:The Favorite by Georgios Iakovidis.jpg| thumb| ''The Favorite'' – Grandfather and Grandson, by [[Georgios Jakobides]] (1890)]] '''Grandparents''', individually known as '''grandmother''' and '''grandfather''', are the parents of a person's father or mother – [[paternal]] or [[maternal]]. Every sexually reproducing living organism who is not a [[genetic chimera]] has a maximum of four [[genetics|genetic]] grandparents, eight genetic great-grandparents, sixteen genetic great-great-grandparents, thirty-two genetic great-great-great-grandparents, sixty-four genetic great-great-great-great grandparents, etc. In the history of modern humanity, around 30,000 years ago, the number of modern humans who lived to be a grandparent increased.{{Citation needed|date=June 2014}} It is not known for certain what spurred this increase in longevity,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alex-zhavoronkov/13-reasons-why-we-will-li_b_3519357.html|title=13 Reasons Why We Will Live Longer Than Our Parents|last=Zhavoronkov|first=Alex|date=2013-07-02|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref> but it is generally believed that a key consequence of three [[generation]]s being alive together was the preservation of information which could otherwise have been lost; an example of this important information might have been where to find water in times of drought.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wong |first=Kate |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-mysterious-downfall&page=4 |title=The Mysterious Downfall of the Neandertals |publisher=Scientific American |access-date=2013-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Caspari | first1 = R. | doi = 10.1038/scientificamericanhuman1112-38 | title = The Evolution of Grandparents | journal = Scientific American | volume = 22 | pages = 38–43 | year = 2012 | issue = 2 | pmid = 21827124}}</ref>
In cases where parents are unwilling or unable to provide adequate care for their children (e.g., financial obstacles, marriage problems, illness or death<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-human-experience/201510/8-reasons-parents-fail-love-their-kids|title=8 Reasons Parents Fail to Love Their Kids|website=Psychology Today|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref>), grandparents often take on the role of [[primary caregiver]]s. Even when this is not the case, and particularly in [[traditional cultures]], grandparents often have a direct and clear role in relation to the [[Childrearing|raising, care and nurture of children]]. Grandparents are [[second-degree relative]]s to their grandchildren and share 25% genetic overlap.
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