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The earliest surviving illuminated manuscripts are a small number from [[late antiquity]], and date from between 400 and 600. Examples include the [[Vergilius Romanus]], [[Vergilius Vaticanus]], and the [[Rossano Gospels]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weitzmann |first=Kurt |title=Late Antique and Early Christian book illumination |date=1977 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-2243-0 |location=London}}</ref> The majority of extant manuscripts are from the [[Middle Ages]], although many survive from the [[Renaissance]]. While [[Islamic manuscripts]] can also be called illuminated and use essentially the same techniques, comparable Far Eastern and Mesoamerican works are described as ''painted''.
Most
Paper manuscripts appeared during the [[Late Middle Ages]]. The untypically early 11th century [[Missal of Silos]] is from Spain, near to Muslim paper manufacturing centres in [[Al-Andaluz]]. Textual manuscripts on paper become increasingly common, but the more expensive parchment was mostly used for illuminated manuscripts until the end of the period. Very early printed books left spaces for red text, known as [[rubric]]s, miniature illustrations and illuminated [[initial]]s, all of which would have been added later by hand. Drawings in the margins (known as [[marginalia]]) would also allow scribes to add their own notes, diagrams, translations, and even comic flourishes.<ref name="Brown2018">{{Cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Michelle Patricia |title=Understanding illuminated manuscripts: a guide to technical terms |last2=Teviotdale |first2=Elizabeth Cover |last3=Turner |first3=Nancy K. |date=2018 |publisher=The J. Paul Getty Museum |isbn=978-1-60606-578-5 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>
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