Content deleted Content added
rmv non-WP:RS : unreliable content scraper / mirror |
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Altered doi. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Spinixster | Category:Emotions | #UCB_Category 66/146 |
||
Line 19:
Different scholars use different definitions of ''boredom'', which complicates research.<ref>Vodanovich, Stephen J. (November 2003) "[https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120443/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2f48/fb5444550d14c5b4a09e5a54d2a312221233.pdf Psychometric Measures of Boredom: A Review of the Literature]" ''The Journal of Psychology''. '''137''':6 p. 569 "Indeed, a shortcoming of the boredom literature is the absence of a coherent, universally accepted definition. The lack of an agreed-upon definition of boredom has limited the measurement of the construct and partly accounts for the existence of diverse approaches to assessing various subsets of boredom."</ref> Boredom has been defined by Cynthia D. Fisher in terms of its main central [[psychological]] processes: "an unpleasant, transient [[Affect (psychology)|affective]] state in which the individual feels a pervasive lack of [[interest (emotion)|interest]] and difficulty concentrating on the current activity."<ref>{{harvnb|Fisher|1993|p=396}}</ref> [[Mark Leary]] et al. describe boredom as "an affective experience associated with cognitive attentional processes."<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.968 |author1=Leary, M. R. |author2=Rogers, P. A. |author3=Canfield, R. W. |author4=Coe, C. |title=Boredom in interpersonal encounters: Antecedents and social implications |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=51 |pages=968–975 [968] |year=1986 |issue=5}}</ref> [[Robert Plutchik]] characterized boredom as a mild form of [[disgust]]. In [[positive psychology]], boredom is described as a response to a moderate challenge for which the subject has more than enough skill.<ref name="Finding Flow">{{cite book | last=Csikszentmihalyi | first=M. | author-link=Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi | title=Finding Flow: The Psychology Of Engagement With Everyday Life | publisher=Basic Books | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-465-02411-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCkWHZUqWg4C | page=}}</ref>
There are three types of boredom, all of which involve problems of engagement of [[attention]]. These include times when humans are prevented from engaging in wanted activity, when humans are forced to engage in unwanted activity, or when people are simply unable for some other reason to maintain engagement in an activity.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.concog.2005.11.009 |author1=Cheyne, J. A. |author2=Carriere, J. S. A. |author3=Smilek, D. |title=Absent-mindedness: Lapses in conscious awareness and everyday cognitive failures |journal=Consciousness and Cognition |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=578–592 |year=2006 |url=http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/~oops/article.php?src=yccog798 |pmid=16427318 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924014215/http://arts.uwaterloo.ca/~oops/article.php?src=yccog798 |archive-date=2010-09-24 |citeseerx=10.1.1.547.7968 |s2cid=5516349 }}</ref> Boredom proneness is a tendency to experience boredom of all types. This is typically assessed by the Boredom Proneness Scale.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1207/s15327752jpa5001_2 |author1=Farmer, R. |author2=Sundberg, N. D. |title=Boredom proneness: The development and correlates of a new scale |journal=Journal of Personality Assessment |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=4–17 |year=1986 |pmid=3723312}}</ref> Recent research has found that boredom proneness is clearly and consistently associated with failures of attention.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/001872679304600305 |last=Fisher |first=C.D. |title=Boredom at work: A neglected concept |journal=Human Relations |volume=46 |pages=395–417 |year=1993 |issue=3|s2cid=204327241 |url=https://pure.bond.edu.au/ws/files/33174732/fulltext.pdf }}</ref> Boredom and its proneness are both theoretically and empirically linked to [[depression (mood)|depression]] and similar symptoms.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |author1=Carriere, J. S. A. |author2=Cheyne, J. A. |author3=Smilek, D. |title=Everyday Attention Lapses and Memory Failures: The Affective Consequences of Mindlessness |journal=Consciousness and Cognition |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=835–847 |date=September 2008 |pmid=17574866 |doi=10.1016/j.concog.2007.04.008 |s2cid=15639587 |url=http://arts.uwaterloo.ca/~oops/publish/yccog-06-149.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426025414/http://arts.uwaterloo.ca/~oops/publish/yccog-06-149.pdf |archive-date=2011-04-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1518/001872095778995616 |author1=Sawin, D. A. |author2=Scerbo, M. W. |title=Effects of instruction type and boredom proneness in vigilance: Implications for boredom and workload |journal=Human Factors |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=752–765 |year=1995 |pmid=8851777|s2cid=34488776 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2466/
[[Absent-mindedness]] is where a person shows inattentive or forgetful behaviour.<ref name=ODam>{{cite web|title=absent-minded|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/absent-minded|publisher=Oxford dictionaries|access-date=5 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908132137/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/absent-minded|archive-date=8 September 2011}}</ref> Absent-mindedness is a mental condition in which the subject experiences low levels of [[attention]] and frequent distraction. Absent-mindedness is not a diagnosed condition, but rather a symptom of boredom and sleepiness which people experience in their daily lives. People who are absent-minded tend to show signs of memory lapse and weak recollection of recently occurring events. This can usually be a result of a variety of other conditions often diagnosed by clinicians such as [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] and [[Depression (mood)|depression]]. In addition to absent-mindedness leading to an array of consequences affecting daily life, it can also have more severe, long-term problems.
Line 52:
In a learning environment, a common cause of boredom is lack of understanding; for instance, if one is not following or connecting to the material in a class or lecture, it will usually seem boring. However, the opposite can also be true; something that is too easily understood, simple or transparent, can also be boring. Boredom is often inversely related to [[learning]], and in school it may be a sign that a student is not challenged enough, or too challenged. An activity that is predictable to the students is likely to bore them.<ref>[http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED397840 Ed.gov] – R.V. Small et al. ''Dimensions of Interest and Boredom in Instructional Situations'', Proceedings of Selected Research and Development Presentations at the 1996 National Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (18th, Indianapolis, IN), (1996)</ref>
A 1989 study indicated that an individual's impression of boredom may be influenced by the individual's degree of [[attention]], as a higher acoustic level of distraction from the environment correlated with higher reportings of boredom.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Damrad-Frye| first = R|author2=Laird JD| title = The experience of boredom: the role of the self-perception of attention| year = 1989| journal = J Personality Social Psych| volume = 57| pages = 315–320| doi = 10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.315| issue = 2}}</ref> Boredom has been studied as being related to [[drug abuse]] among teens.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Iso-Ahola, Seppo E. |author2=Crowley, Edward D. |title=Adolescent Substance Abuse and Leisure Boredom |journal=Journal of Leisure Research |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=260–271 |year=1991 |url=http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ429375|doi=10.1080/00222216.1991.11969857 |bibcode=1991JLeiR..23..260I }}</ref> Boredom has been proposed as a cause of [[pathological gambling]] behavior. A study found results consistent with the hypothesis that pathological gamblers seek stimulation to avoid states of boredom and depression.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2466/
Some recent studies have suggested that boredom may have some positive effects. A low-stimulus environment may lead to increased creativity and may set the stage for a "[[eureka moment]]".<ref name="MyUser_Cbc.ca_November_22_2016c">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/boredom-benefits-1.3860655 |title='It's like a little trigger': The surprising benefits of boredom|author= Technology & Science – CBC News |newspaper=Cbc.ca |access-date=November 22, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122153029/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/boredom-benefits-1.3860655 |archive-date=November 22, 2016 }}</ref>
| |||