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'''Dortmund''' ({{IPA-de|ˈdɔʁtmʊnt|lang|De-Dortmund.ogg}}; {{lang-wep|Düörpm}} {{IPA-nds|ˈdyːœɐ̯pm̩|}}; {{lang-la|Tremonia}}) is the third-largest city in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], after [[Cologne]] and [[Düsseldorf]], and the [[List of cities in Germany by population|ninth-largest city]] in [[Germany]]. With a population of 612,065 inhabitants,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bevölkerung in Zahlen 2023 |url=https://statistikportal.dortmund.de/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerunginzahlen/#bev%C3%B6lkerungsstand |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=statistikportal.dortmund.de}}</ref> it is the largest city (by area and population) of the [[Ruhr]] as well as the largest city of [[Westphalia]].{{efn|The historical capital and cultural centre of Westphalia is however [[Münster]].}} It lies on the [[Emscher]] and [[Ruhr (river)|Ruhr]] rivers ([[tributaries]] of the [[Rhine]]) in the [[Rhine-Ruhr|Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region]], the [[List of EU metropolitan areas by GDP|second biggest metropolitan region by GDP]] in the European Union, and is considered the administrative, commercial, and cultural centre of the eastern Ruhr. Dortmund is the second-largest city in the [[Low German]] dialect area, after [[Hamburg]].
Founded around 882,<ref name="WM-document-882">[[:File:Boevinghausen erwaehnung.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]]: First documentary reference to Dortmund-Bövinghausen from 882, contribution-list of the Werden Abbey (near Essen), North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany</ref> Dortmund became an [[Imperial Free City]]. Throughout the 13th to 14th centuries, it was the "chief city" of the Rhine, Westphalia, and the Netherlands Circle of the [[Hanseatic League]]. During the [[Thirty Years' War]], the city was destroyed and decreased in significance until the onset of industrialization. The city then became one of Germany's most important coal, steel, and beer centres; as a consequence, it was one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany during [[World War II]]. The devastating bombing raids of 12 March 1945 destroyed 98% of buildings in the inner city centre. The raids, with more than 1,110 aircraft, were the largest for a single target in World War II.<ref name="backtonormandy.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.backtonormandy.org/the-history/air-force-operations/airplanes-in-actions/lancaster/raf-bomber-command-748-lancasters-record-attack-dortmund-12-march-1945.html|title=Support – Main Menu|website=Backtonormandy.org|access-date=16 February 2017|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813042135/https://www.backtonormandy.org/the-history/air-force-operations/airplanes-in-actions/lancaster/raf-bomber-command-748-lancasters-record-attack-dortmund-12-march-1945.html|url-status=dead}}
Since the collapse of its century-long steel and coal industries, the region has adapted and shifted to high-technology [[biomedical technology]], [[micro systems technology]], and also [[Service (economics)|services]]. Other key sectors include [[retail]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dortmund.de/de/leben_in_dortmund/nachrichtenportal/alle_nachrichten/nachricht.jsp?nid=621535|title=Tourismus: Über 860.000 Tourist*innen besuchten Dortmund in 2019 – Erneuter Zuwachs bei Übernachtungszahlen – Alle Nachrichten – Nachrichtenportal – Leben in Dortmund – Stadtportal dortmund.de|website=Dortmund.de}}</ref> [[leisure]] and the visitor economy,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ruhr.today/2020/tourismus-45-mehr-uebernachtungen-im-ruhrgebiet/|title=Tourismus: +4,5 % mehr Übernachtungen im Ruhrgebiet |website=Ruhr.today|first=Dirk|last=Schmidt|date=18 February 2020}}</ref> [[creative industries]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bitkom.org/sites/default/files/2019-10/191015_smart-city-index_gesamt.pdf |title=Smart City Index 2019 |access-date=6 March 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901052117/https://www.bitkom.org/sites/default/files/2019-10/191015_smart-city-index_gesamt.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[logistics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitalhublogistics.com/|website=Digitalhublogistics.com |title=Dortmund | Create Your Future Digital Business|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> Dortmund was classified as a "Node city" in the Innovation Cities Index,<ref name="innovation-cities.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.innovation-cities.com/2thinknow-innovation-cities-global-256-index/ |title=2thinknow Innovation Cities Global 256 Index |access-date=2010-07-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409165153/http://www.innovation-cities.com/2thinknow-innovation-cities-global-256-index/ |archive-date=9 April 2014 |date=27 October 2009 }}</ref> ranked among the twelve innovation cities in [[European Union]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Icapitel Europe 2019, Finalist|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/prizes/icapital/icapital-2019_en#otherfinalists|language=en|website=Ec.europa.eu|date=20 February 2019 }}</ref> and is the most sustainable{{Clarify|reason=what does this mean and refer to?|date=May 2023}} and digital city{{Clarify|reason=what does this mean and refer to?|date=May 2023}} in [[Germany]].<ref name="www.nachhaltigkeitspreis.de">{{cite web|url=https://www.nachhaltigkeitspreis.de/2014_grossstadt_dortmund_detail/|title=Die Stadt Dortmund ist Sieger in der Kategorie "Deutschlands nachhaltigste Großstädte 2014"|access-date=2016-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210052139/https://www.nachhaltigkeitspreis.de/2014_grossstadt_dortmund_detail/|archive-date=10 February 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dortmund.de/de/leben_in_dortmund/nachrichtenportal/alle_nachrichten/nachricht.jsp?nid=548121|title=Die Stadt Dortmund ist Sieger in der Kategorie "Digitalste Stadt Deutschlands 2018"|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022153304/https://www.dortmund.de/de/leben_in_dortmund/nachrichtenportal/alle_nachrichten/nachricht.jsp?nid=548121|archive-date=22 October 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> With its [[Dortmund Hauptbahnhof|central station]] and [[Dortmund Airport|airport]], the third-busiest in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], Dortmund is an important transport junction for the surrounding Ruhr area as well as the [[Benelux]] countries, and with the largest canal [[Dortmund Port|port]] in Europe it has a connection to important seaports on the [[North Sea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airliners.de/flughafen-dortmund-2019-passagierrekord/53234|title=Flughafen Dortmund stellt 2019 deutlichen Passagierrekord auf|website=Airliners.de}}</ref>
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