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==Race and Casta paintings==
[[File:José Joaquín Magón - El Mestizo.jpg|thumb|[[José Joaquín Magón]], Spaniard + India = Mestizo. I. "Born of the Spaniard and the India is a Mestizo, who is generally humble, tranquil, and straightforward." Museo de Antropología, Madrid. 115 x 141 cm]]
[[File:Castas 04mulata max.jpg|thumb|150px|Spaniard + ''Negra'', Mulatto. [[Miguel Cabrera (painter)|Miguel Cabrera]]]]
[[File:Sambo_1770.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Zambo]], Peruvian casta painting 18th c.]] [[File:X. De espanol y torna atras, tente en el aire (Casta painting) LACMA M.2011.20.3 (1 of 6).jpg|thumb|150px|Spanish father, Torna atrás mother, ''Tente en el aire'' ("floating in mid air") offspring]] [[File:Castas 16indios max.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|''Indios Gentiles''. Miguel Cabrera]]
In the 18th century, "casta paintings" were created by American-born and Iberian Spaniards showing a fixed racial hierarchy. Scholars now contend that this genre may well have been elites' attempt to bring order into a situation that was fluid and disorderly. "For colonial elites, casta paintings might well have been an attempt to fix in place rigid divisions based on race, even as they were disappearing in social reality."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cline |first1=Sarah |title=Guadalupe and the Castas |journal=Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos |date=1 August 2015 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=218–247 |doi=10.1525/mex.2015.31.2.218 }}</ref> A 2018 textbook on colonial Latin America, states that casta paintings are "mistakenly viewed as depicting a rigid caste system, the paintings in fact did almost the opposite. No such system existed; the paintings were an expression of wishful thinking of the elite."<ref>[[Matthew Restall|Restall, Matthew]] and [[Kris Lane]]. ''Latin America in Colonial Times''. 2nd edition. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018, 296</ref>
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