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Severance pay for commercial employees was introduced in 1914, and an [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour working day]] in 1915. In 1918, with the passing of a [[Constitution of Uruguay of 1918|new constitution]], Uruguay proclaimed a secular republic, with the [[separation of church and state]].<ref>Juan Rial, "The Social Imaginary: Utopian Political Myths in Uruguay (Change and Permanence during and after the Dictatorship)", in Saúl Sosnowski and Louise B. Popkin, eds., ''Repression, Exile, and Democracy: Uruguayan Culture'' (Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1993), 59-82. {{ISBN|9780822312680}}.</ref> Loans and seeds were provided to poor farmers, and agricultural colonies were established,<ref>[https://www.gub.uy/junta-departamental-montevideo/institucional/informacion-gestion/actas/acta-n-15442011 Acta N° 1544/2011 Sesión Ordinaria 19/05/2011]</ref> while Montevideo also underwent a great deal and social and economic development during these years.<ref>[https://opinar.com.uy/el-partido-colorado-y-montevideo-realidades-y-utopias.html El Partido Colorado y Montevideo: Realidades y Utopías. Miguel Lagrotta]</ref> Hospitals, maternity homes and research institutes, as well as secondary schools, were built in all the capitals of the departments.<ref name="Fernando Filgueira 1995, P.5">A Century of Social Welfare in Uruguay Growth to the Limit of the Batllista Social State Issue 5 By Fernando Filgueira, 1995, P.5</ref> [[Secondary education]] was integrated into the ''Secondary and Preparatory Education Section of the University''. In addition, a secondary night school was established in 1919 "so that adults who had not finished secondary school could continue their formal education".<ref name="Fernando Filgueira 1995, P.6">A Century of Social Welfare in Uruguay Growth to the Limit of the Batllista Social State Issue 5 By Fernando Filgueira, 1995, P.6</ref>
The economic policy of Batllism was based on the [[nationalization]] of companies, under the idea that certain services should be provided by the State, in search of the common good.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arias |first=Cecilia |date=2018-10-05 |title=Gobiernos reformistas en Uruguay 1947-1958: ¿profundización de la democracia en los inicios de la Guerra Fría? |url=https://journals.openedition.org/nuevomundo/72965?lang=es |journal=Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos. Nouveaux
The [[Constitution of Uruguay of 1918|Constitution of 1918]], as a result of political negotiation, established an Executive Branch made up of the [[President of Uruguay|President of the Republic]] and the [[National Council of Administration]], a collegiate body.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uruguay - The Constitution |url=https://countrystudies.us/uruguay/62.htm |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> The president—whose term lasted four years—appointed the holders of the ministerial portfolios of the [[Ministry of the Interior (Uruguay)|Interior]], [[Ministry of National Defense (Uruguay)|Defense]] and [[Ministry of Foreign Relations (Uruguay)|Foreign Relations]]. The National Council of Administration, on the other hand, appointed those of [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Uruguay)|Finance]], [[Ministry of Education and Culture (Uruguay)|Instruction]], [[Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (Uruguay)|Labor]], [[Ministry of Public Health (Uruguay)|Health]] and [[Ministry of Transport and Public Works (Uruguay)|Public Works]]. This collegiate body was elected directly, and was renewed every two years by 1/3 of its members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creación y evolución histórica |url=https://www.gub.uy/presidencia/institucional/creacion-evolucion-historica |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Uruguay Presidencia |language=es}}</ref>[[File:Estadio Centenario 1930.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Estadio Centenario]], the main stadium of the 1930 FIFA World Cup]]Around 1900, infant mortality rates (IMR) in Uruguay were among the world's lowest, indicating a very healthy population. By 1910, however, the IMR leveled off, while it continued to drop in other countries. The leading causes of death—diarrheal and respiratory diseases—did not decline, indicating a growing public health problem.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The infant mortality conundrum in Uruguay during the first half of the twentieth century: an analysis according to causes of death |first=Anne-Emanuelle |last=Birn |journal=Continuity & Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=435–461|doi=10.1017/S0268416010000263 |s2cid=145495121 }}</ref>
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In the [[1930 Uruguayan general election|general election of 1930]], Colorado [[Gabriel Terra]] was elected president.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-21 |title=Gabriel Terra, el batllista que jugaba en su propia cancha |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/informacion/politica/gabriel-terra-el-batllista-que-jugaba-en-su-propia-cancha |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=EL PAIS |language=en}}</ref> He took office on March 1, 1931 and from the beginning he was critical of the [[Constitution of Uruguay of 1918|1918 Constitution]] that created the [[National Council of Administration]], which he considered generated ungovernability.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-30 |title=¿Cómo se vivió la dictadura de Gabriel Terra en Colonia? |url=https://ladiaria.com.uy/colonia/articulo/2021/7/como-se-vivio-la-dictadura-de-gabriel-terra-en-colonia/ |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=la diaria |language=es-UY}}</ref> The Council's measures to alleviate the economic crisis included adjustments for all sectors of society, which increased general discontent and led to the political isolation of the body. The Colorado Batllist majority and the [[Independent National Party (Uruguay)|Independent National Party]] minority of the Council reached an agreement to implement state intervention, for which the creation of the state-owned petroleum company, [[ANCAP (Uruguay)|National Administration of Fuels, Alcohols and Portland]] (ANCAP), was ordered to prevent foreign currency evasion by foreign companies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-10-15 |title=Hace 75 años nacía Ancap, el primer ente industrial del Estado uruguayo |url=https://www.lr21.com.uy/comunidad/226455-hace-75-anos-nacia-ancap-el-primer-ente-industrial-del-estado-uruguayo |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=LARED21 |language=es}}</ref>
[[File:Afiche Terra.jpg|thumb|Propaganda of Terra and the March revolution]]
In rejection of the agreement in the Council, the leader of the opposition [[National Party (Uruguay)|National Party]], [[Luis Alberto de Herrera]] joined President Terra in the campaign to carry out a constitutional reform.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-06 |title=El día que Herrera pasó por la casa de Terra para ofrecerle su apoyo limpio y desinteresado {{!}} La Mañana |url=https://www.xn--lamaana-7za.uy/opinion/el-dia-que-herrera-paso-por-la-casa-de-terra-para-ofrecerle-su-apoyo-limpio-y-desinteresado/ |access-date=2024-01-30 |language=es}}</ref> On March 30, a manifesto by Colorado Batllista politicians opposed to the constitutional reform bill was published in the ''[[El Día (Uruguay)|El Día]]'' newspaper, and in response, Terra decreed some extraordinary measures that were annulled by the [[General Assembly of Uruguay|General Assembly]] hours later.<ref>{{Cite book |
Terra established a traditionalist, protectionist and cooperative regime.<ref>http://contenidoseducativosdigitales.edu.uy/files/golpe-y-dictadura-de-terra.pdf {{bare URL PDF|date=March 2024}}</ref> It was characterized by strong nationalism, with the exaltation of national symbols and military parades.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Rodríguez Ayçaguer |first=Ana María |title=La diplomacia del anticomunismo: la influencia del gobierno de Getúlio Vargas en la interrupción de las relaciones diplomáticas de Uruguay con la URSS en diciembre de 1935 |publisher=Departamento de Historia del Uruguay, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de la República |year=2008 |pages=94 |trans-title=The diplomacy of anti-communism: the influence of the Getúlio Vargas government in the interruption of Uruguay's diplomatic relations with the USSR in December 1935}}</ref> In June 1933, [[1933 Uruguayan Constitutional Assembly election|elections]] were held to elect the members of the Constitutional Assembly in charge of drafting a new Constitution. In March 1934, this body appointed him president until 1938. In April a [[1934 Uruguayan constitutional referendum|referendum]] was held in which [[Constitution of Uruguay of 1934|a new constitution]] was approved. It abolished the National Council of Administration and transferred its powers to the President, reinstating the single-person executive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bottinelli |first=Oscar |title=La Constitución ¿über alles? |url=https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/la-constitucion-uber-alles--2018617500 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=El Observador}}</ref> In addition, [[LGBT rights in Uruguay|homosexuality]] was decriminalized, a large number of rights were constitutionalized, and equality between both sexes and [[Women's suffrage in Uruguay|women's suffrage]] were established.<ref name="Miller1991">{{cite book |author=Francesca Miller |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXiTQpR3crwC&pg=PA98 |title=Latin American Women and the Search for Social Justice |publisher=UPNE |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-87451-558-9 |page=98}}</ref>
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Simultaneously with the war in Europe, in Uruguay there was a lack of agreement between the factions of the different parties regarding the constitutional reform. The Herrerism sector led by [[Luis Alberto de Herrera]], which had agreed to the [[Constitution of Uruguay of 1934|1934 Constitution]], was opposed to the reform bill, and after not supporting the president's candidate for speaker of the [[Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay|Chamber of Representatives]], Baldomir replaced three Herrerista ministers.
Due to the lack of political agreement, in the early morning of February 21, 1942, President Baldomir carried out a self-coup by dissolving the [[General Assembly of Uruguay|General Assembly]] and the [[Electoral Court of Uruguay|Electoral Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-26 |title=Golpe de carnaval {{!}} La Mañana |url=https://www.xn--lamaana-7za.uy/opinion/golpe-de-carnaval/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |language=es}}</ref> In addition, he announced the call for elections for the last Sunday of November of that year. During the coup there were no arrests, no police repression, no censorship, and no violations of human rights, which is why these events are known as the {{Language with name/for|es|Golpe Bueno|Good Coup}} and the regime, as ''[[dictablanda]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-26 |title=La responsabilidad
The General Assembly was replaced by a Council of State of 16 members—Colorado Batllistas and [[Independent National Party (Uruguay)|Independent Blancos]]—which was in charge of drafting a new constitutional reform bill. On November 29, 1942, a [[1942 Uruguayan general election|general election]] were held in which Colorado [[Juan José de Amézaga]] was elected president of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-21 |title=Juan José de Amézaga: el presidente olvidado |url=https://ladiaria.com.uy/opinion/articulo/2021/9/juan-jose-de-amezaga-el-presidente-olvidado/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=la diaria |language=es-UY}}</ref> The Council of State would be dissolved shortly after and replaced by the newly elected parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-04 |title=Juan José de Amézaga y el regreso a la normalidad democrática |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/informacion/politica/juan-jose-de-amezaga-y-el-regreso-a-la-normalidad-democratica |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=EL PAIS |language=en}}</ref> Along with the general election, a constitutional referendum was held, which won by around 77% of the vote, and gave effect to the [[Constitution of Uruguay of 1942|Constitution of 1942]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Alisky |first1=Marvin H. |last2=Weinstein |first2=Martin |last3=Vanger |first3=Milton I. |last4=James |first4=Preston E. |date=October 4, 2019 |title=Uruguay |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Uruguay/The-struggle-for-national-identity#ref32674 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>
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The economic crisis led to student militancy and labor unrest. The collective ruling council was unable to agree on harsh measures that were required to stabilize the economy. As the demand for Uruguay's export products plummeted, the collective leadership tried to avoid budget cuts by spending Uruguay's currency reserves and then began taking foreign loans. The [[Uruguayan peso]] was devalued, and inflation increased greatly.
In the [[1962 Uruguayan general election|1962 election]], the National Party once again had the most votes, thus obtaining again a majority in the [[National Council of Government (Uruguay)|National Council of Government]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-10 |title=Nuevo triunfo blanco, ahora con mayoría de la
==Growing instability, 1966–73==
In the early 1960s, social discontent due to the economic crisis that had worsened and union agitation increased, which led to the implementation of {{Language with name/for|es|Medidas Prontas de Seguridad|Prompt Security Measures}}, which are powers established by the [[Constitution of Uruguay|Uruguayan Constitution]] that enable the Government to temporarily suspend certain constitutional guarantees in the event of serious and unforeseen cases of external attack or internal commotion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Otros |title=Las inundaciones de 1959: el otro gran desastre natural que debió enfrentar el Partido Nacional en el gobierno |url=https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/las-inundaciones-de-1959-el-otro-gran-desastre-natural-que-debio-enfrentar-el-partido-nacional-en-el-gobierno-202041214150 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=El Observador}}</ref> Likewise, the far-left guerrilla group [[Tupamaros|National Liberation Movement – Tupamaros]] emerged, which began to carry out weapons thefts, bomb attacks on government officials and military officers, and kidnappings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Otros |title=Tupamaros (1): el origen |url=https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/tupamaros-1-el-origen-2020101621310 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=El Observador}}</ref>
In the [[1966 Uruguayan general election|1966 election]], [[Óscar Diego Gestido]] was elected president, which meant the return of the [[Colorado Party (Uruguay)|Colorado Party]] to the [[Estévez Palace]]. A [[Constitution of Uruguay of 1967|constitutional referendum]] removed the National Council of Government and replaced it with a one-man executive under the new [[Constitution of Uruguay of 1967|Constitution of 1967]]. In December 1967, President Gestido died without completing the first year of his term.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-17 |title=Óscar Gestido, el
[[File:FokkerAnde1972.jpg|thumb|Replica of the [[Uruguayan Air Force]] plane that crashed on October 13, 1972, with 45 Uruguayans on board and gave rise to the so-called ''[[Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571|miracle of the Andes]]'']]
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During the presidency of Pacheco Areco, student mobilization became widespread, in August 1968 during a demonstration against raids on university centers, the student [[Líber Arce]] was killed by police forces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-14 |title=Los estudiantes recuerdan a sus mártires y muerte de Líber Arce |url=https://www.lr21.com.uy/politica/326255-los-estudiantes-recuerdan-a-sus-martires-y-muerte-de-liber-arce |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=LARED21 |language=es}}</ref> In June President Pacheco Areco had implemented {{Language with name/for|es|Medidas Prontas de Seguridad|Prompt Security Measures}}.<ref name=":2" /> In addition, the activity of the far-left guerrilla group ''[[Tupamaros]]'' increased, which was led by [[Raúl Sendic|Raúl Sendic Antonaccio]], who years ago had organized the sugarcane workers' marches from [[Bella Unión]] to Montevideo.<ref name=":0" /> In the early 1970s, the group began carrying out more assassinations and kidnappings, including that of the [[List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Uruguay|British ambassador to Uruguay]], [[Geoffrey Jackson]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-01-01 |title=Heath's secret deal to free ambassador |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1380038/Heaths-secret-deal-to-free-ambassador.html |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref> and [[Dan Mitrione]], a CIA agent who collaborated with the [[National Police of Uruguay|National Police]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-03 |title=Así mataron a Dan Mitrione |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/opinion/asi-mataron-a-dan-mitrione |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=EL PAIS |language=en}}</ref>
In September 1971, two months before the general election, 106 prisoners belonging to ''Tupamaros'' escaped from the penitentiary of the [[Punta Carretas]] neighborhood of Montevideo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cecchini |first=Por Eduardo AnguitayDaniel |date=2020-02-15 |title=La espectacular fuga de
==Military dictatorship, 1973–1985==
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