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{{main|Naval warfare|Naval history}}
{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2018}}
Naval warfare developed when humans first fought from water-borne vessels. Before the introduction of the [[cannon]] and ships with enough capacity to carry them, navy warfare primarily involved ramming and boarding actions. In the time of [[ancient Greece]] and the [[Roman Empire]], naval warfare centered on long, narrow vessels powered by banks of [[Watercraft rowing|oarsmen]] (such as [[trireme]]s and [[quinquereme]]s) designed to ram and sink enemy vessels or come alongside the enemy vessel so its occupants could be attacked hand-to-hand. Naval warfare continued in this vein through the [[Middle Ages]] until the cannon became commonplace and capable of being reloaded quickly enough to be reused in the same battle. [[File:Fourth Style wall painting with naumachia (triremes), a detail from a panel from the portico of the Temple of Isis in Pompeii, Naples National Archaeological Museum (14606067613).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Fourth Style wall painting with ''naumachia'' (triremes), a detail from a panel from the portico of the [[Temple of Isis (Pompeii)|Temple of Isis]] in [[Pompeii]], [[Naples National Archaeological Museum]]]]The [[Chola Dynasty]] of medieval [[Tamil Nadu]] was known as one of the greatest naval powers of its time from 300 BC to 1279 AD. The [[Chola Navy]], Chola kadarpadai comprised the naval forces of the [[Chola Empire]] along with several other Naval-arms of the country. The Chola navy played a vital role in the expansion of the Chola Tamil kingdom, including the conquest of the [[Sri Lanka]] islands, Kadaaram (Present day Burma), Sri Vijaya (present day Southeast Asia), the spread of Hinduism, [[Tamil architecture]] and [[Tamil culture]] to Southeast Asia and in curbing the piracy in Southeast Asia in 900 CE. In [[History of China#Ancient China|ancient China]], large naval battles were known since the [[Qin dynasty]] (''also see'' [[Battle of Red Cliffs]], 208), employing the war [[junk (ship)|junk]] during the [[Han dynasty]]. However, China's first official standing navy was not established until the [[Song dynasty|Southern Song dynasty]] in the 12th century, a time when [[gunpowder]] was a revolutionary new application to warfare.▼
▲The [[Chola Dynasty]] of medieval [[Tamil Nadu]] was known as one of the greatest naval powers of its time from 300 BC to 1279 AD. The [[Chola Navy]], Chola kadarpadai comprised the naval forces of the [[Chola Empire]] along with several other Naval-arms of the country. The Chola navy played a vital role in the expansion of the Chola Tamil kingdom, including the conquest of the [[Sri Lanka]] islands, Kadaaram (Present day Burma), Sri Vijaya (present day Southeast Asia), the spread of Hinduism, [[Tamil architecture]] and [[Tamil culture]] to Southeast Asia and in curbing the piracy in Southeast Asia in 900 CE. In [[History of China#Ancient China|ancient China]], large naval battles were known since the [[Qin dynasty]] (''also see'' [[Battle of Red Cliffs]], 208), employing the war [[junk (ship)|junk]] during the [[Han dynasty]]. However, China's first official standing navy was not established until the [[Song dynasty|Southern Song dynasty]] in the 12th century, a time when [[gunpowder]] was a revolutionary new application to warfare.
[[Nusantara (archipelago)|Nusantara]]n [[Thalassocracy|thalassocracies]] made extensive use of naval power and technologies. This enabled the seafaring local people (either Malays of [[Srivijaya]] or Javanese of [[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]]) to attack as far as the coast of [[Tanzania]] and [[Mozambique]] with 1000 boats and attempted to take the citadel of Qanbaloh, about 7,000 km to their West, in 945–946 AD.<ref name=":122">Kumar, Ann (2012). 'Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia's Maritime Reach', in Geoff Wade (ed.), ''Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past'' (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), 101–122.</ref>{{rp|110}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Nugroho|first=Irawan Djoko|title=Majapahit Peradaban Maritim|publisher=Suluh Nuswantara Bakti|year=2011|isbn=978-602-9346-00-8}}</ref>{{Rp|39}} In 1350 AD [[Majapahit]] launched its largest military expedition, the invasion of [[Samudera Pasai Sultanate|Pasai]], with 400 large [[Djong (ship)|jong]] and innumerable smaller vessels.<ref name=":2">Hill (June 1960). "[[iarchive:hikayat-raja-raja-pasai/page/2/mode/2up|Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai]]". ''Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society''. '''33''': p. 98 and 157: "Then he directed them to make ready all the equipment and munitions of war needed for an attack on the land of Pasai – about four hundred of the largest junks, and also many barges (malangbang) and galleys." See also Nugroho (2011). p. 270 and 286, quoting ''Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai'', 3: 98: "''Sa-telah itu, maka di-suroh baginda musta'idkan segala kelengkapan dan segala alat senjata peperangan akan mendatangi negeri Pasai itu, sa-kira-kira empat ratus jong yang besar-besar dan lain daripada itu banyak lagi daripada malangbang dan kelulus''." (After that, he is tasked by His Majesty to ready all the equipment and all weapons of war to come to that country of Pasai, about four hundred large jongs and other than that much more of malangbang and kelulus.)</ref> The second largest military expedition, invasion of [[Kingdom of Singapura|Singapura]] in 1398, Majapahit deployed 300 jong with no less than 200,000 men.<ref name=":10">Nugroho (2011), p. 271, 399–400, quoting ''Sejarah Melayu'', 10.4: 77: "... ''maka bagindapun segera menyuruh berlengkap tiga ratus buah jung, lain dari pada itu kelulus, pelang, jongkong, tiada terbilang lagi''." (then His Majesty immediately ordered to equip three hundred jong, other than that kelulus, pelang, jongkong in uncountable numbers.)</ref><ref>Leyden, John (1821). ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83132/page/n3/mode/2up?q= Malay Annals: Translated from the Malay language]''. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83132/page/n101/mode/2up?q= p. 86]: "The bitara immediately fitted out 300 junks together with the vessels calúlús, pelang, and jongkong in numbers beyond calculation, and embarked on board of them two Cati of Javans (200,000). Then having set sail, they arrived at Singhapura, and immediately engaged in battle."</ref> The average jong used by Majapahit would be about 76.18–79.81 m [[Length overall|LOA]], carrying 600–700 men, with 1200–1400 tons [[Deadweight tonnage|deadweight]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Averoes|first=Muhammad|date=2022|title=Re-Estimating the Size of Javanese Jong Ship|journal=HISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidik Dan Peneliti Sejarah|volume=5|issue=1|pages=57–64| doi=10.17509/historia.v5i1.39181 | s2cid=247335671 |url=https://archive.org/details/size-of-javanese-jong |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Rp|60-62}}
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