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'''''Bhakti''''' ({{lang-sa|[[:wikt:भक्ति#Sanskrit|भक्ति]]}}) means "attachment, participation, fondness for, homage, faith, love, devotion, worship, purity".<ref name=monier>See [[Monier-Williams]], ''Sanskrit Dictionary'', 1899.</ref> It was originally used in [[Hinduism]], referring to devotion and love for a [[Ishvara|personal god]] or a representational god by a devotee.<ref name=encyclopediabrit>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63933/bhakti Bhakti], ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2009)</ref><ref name=karen /> In ancient texts such as the ''[[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]]'', the term simply means participation, devotion and love for any endeavor, while in the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', it connotes one of the possible paths of spirituality and towards [[moksha]], as in ''bhakti marga''.<ref>John Lochtefeld (2014), ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism'', Rosen Publishing (New York), {{ISBN|978-0823922871}}, pp. 98–100. Also see articles on bhaktimārga and jnanamārga.</ref>
Bhakti in [[Indian religions]] is "emotional devotionalism", particularly to a [[personal god]] or to spiritual ideas.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hans G. Kippenberg|author2=Yme B. Kuiper|author3=Andy F. Sanders|title=Concepts of Person in Religion and Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AdYfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA295|year=1990|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-087437-2|page=295}}, Quote: "The foundations of emotional devotionalism (bhakti) were laid in south India in the second half of the first millennium of our era (...)".</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Indira Viswanathan Peterson|title=Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQwABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|year= 2014|publisher= Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6006-7|pages=4, footnote 4}}</ref> Thus, bhakti requires a relationship between the devotee and the deity.<ref name="nirgun">{{cite journal |last1=DeNapoli |first1=Antoinette |title=Earning God through the "One-Hundred Rupee Note": Nirguṇa Bhakti and Religious Experience among Hindu Renouncers in North India |journal=Religions |date=2018 |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=408 |doi=10.3390/rel9120408 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref> The term also refers to [[Bhakti movement|a movement]], pioneered by [[Alvars]] and [[Nayanars]], that developed around the gods [[Vishnu]] ([[Vaishnavism]]), [[Shiva]] ([[Shaivism]]) and [[Devi]] ([[Shaktism]]) in the second half of the 1st millennium CE.<ref name=encyclopediabrit /><ref name=karen>Karen Pechelis (2011), "Bhakti Traditions", in ''The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies'' (Editors: Jessica Frazier, Gavin Flood), Bloomsbury, {{ISBN|978-0826499660}}, pp. 107–121</ref><ref name="Rinehart">{{cite book|last=Rinehart|first=Robin|title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=45|isbn=978-1-57607-905-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA45|year=2004}}</ref><ref name="Flood">{{cite book|last=Flood|first=Gavin|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1996|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/131 131]|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Embree" /><ref>Jerry Bentley, ''Old World Encounters: Cross Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 120.</ref>
Bhakti ideas have inspired many popular texts and saint-poets in India. The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', for example, is a [[Krishna]]-related text associated with the Bhakti movement in Hinduism.<ref name="Cutler" /> Bhakti is also found in other religions practiced in India,<ref>{{cite book|last=Flood|first=Gavin D.|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2003|page=185|isbn=978-0-631-21535-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C&pg=PA185}}</ref><ref name="Neill 2002 412">{{cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|title=A History of Christianity in India, 1707–1858|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|pages=412|isbn=978-0-521-89332-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC&pg=PA412}}</ref><ref name="Kelting 2001 87">{{cite book|last=Kelting|first=Mary Whitney |author-link=Mary Whitney Kelting|title=Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Maṇḍaḷ Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|pages=87|isbn=978-0-19-514011-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC&pg=PA87}}</ref> and it has influenced interactions between Christianity and Hinduism in the modern era.<ref>A. Frank Thompson (1993), ''Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Perspectives and Encounters'' (Editor: Harold Coward), Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, {{ISBN|978-8120811584}}, pp. 176–186</ref><ref>Karen Pechelis (2014), ''The Embodiment of Bhakti'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195351903}}, see Introduction chapter</ref> ''Nirguni bhakti'' (devotion to the divine without attributes) is found in [[Sikhism]], as well as Hinduism.<ref name=davidlorenzen /><ref name=hardip /> Outside India, emotional devotion is found in some Southeast Asian and East Asian Buddhist traditions, and it is sometimes referred to as ''Bhatti''.<ref name=swearer9 /><ref name=werner45 /><ref name=karunaratna435 />
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