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{{legend|#0000ff|Union}}]]
After crossing the [[Mississippi River]] south of [[Vicksburg, Mississippi|Vicksburg]] at [[Bruinsburg, Mississippi|Bruinsburg]] and driving northeast, Grant won
The Confederates evacuated Hayne's Bluff, which was subsequently occupied by Sherman's cavalry on May 19, and Union steamboats no longer had to run the guns of Vicksburg, now being able to dock by the dozens up the [[Yazoo River]]. Grant could now receive supplies more directly than by the previous route, which ran through Louisiana, over the river crossing at [[Grand Gulf, Mississippi|Grand Gulf]] and Bruinsburg, then back up north.<ref name=Esposito105/>
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Over half of Pemberton's army had been lost in the two preceding battles<ref>Kennedy, pp. 171.</ref> and many in Vicksburg expected [[General (CSA)|General]] [[Joseph E. Johnston]], in command of the Confederate [[Department of the West]], to relieve the city—which he never did. Large numbers of Union troops were on the march to [[investment (military)|invest]] the city. They repaired the bridges over the Big Black River and crossed on May 18.<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-battles-detail.htm?battleCode=MS011 National Park Service]. Grant's army arrived at the outskirts of Vicksburg on May 19, but formal siege operations began with Grant's Special Order No. 140 on May 25 (Simon, p. 267).</ref> Johnston sent a note to his general, Pemberton, asking him to sacrifice the city and save his troops, something Pemberton would not do. Pemberton, a [[Northern United States|Northerner]] by birth, was probably influenced by his fear of public condemnation if he abandoned Vicksburg.<ref>Smith, p. 251; Grabau, pp. 343–346; Catton, pp. 198–200; Esposito, text for map 106.</ref>
{{Blockquote|Pemberton, trying to please Jefferson Davis
=== Fortifications ===
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