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Command words
Command words, better contrast
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The difficulties with essay items are primarily administrative: for example, test takers require adequate time to be able to compose their answers.<ref name="Types of Test Item Formats"/> When these questions are answered, the answers themselves are usually poorly written because test takers may not have time to organize and proofread their answers. In turn, it takes more time to score or grade these items. When these items are being scored or graded, the grading process itself becomes subjective as non-test related information may influence the process. Thus, considerable effort is required to minimize the subjectivity of the grading process. Finally, as an assessment tool, essay questions may potentially be unreliable in assessing the entire content of a subject matter.
 
{{anchor|Cword}}Instructions to exam candidates rely on the use of '''command words''', which direct the examinee to respond in a particular way, for example by describing or defining a concept, or comparing and contrasting two or more scenarios or events. Some command words require more insight or skill than others: for example, "explanationanalyse" assessesand a"synthesise" assess higher-level skillskills than "descriptiondescribe".<ref>NEBOSH, [https://www.nebosh.org.uk/documents/guidance-on-command-words-diplomapdf/as025-guidance-on-command-words-diploma-v5.pdf Guidance on command words used in learning outcomes and question papers – Diploma qualifications], version 5, June 2021, accessed 23 September 2023</ref> More demanding command words usually attract greater mark weighting in the examination. In the UK, [[Ofqual]] maintains an official list of command words explaining their meaning.<ref>[[AQA]], [https://www.aqa.org.uk/resources/science/as-and-a-level/biology-7401-7402/teach/command-words Command words], accessed 27 December 2018</ref> The [[Welsh government]]'s guidance on the use of command words advises that they should be used "consistently and correctly", but notes that some [[academic subject|subject]]s have their own traditions and expectations in regard to candidates' responses,<ref>Welsh Government, [https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/23180/2/150615-fair-access-by-design-en_Redacted.pdf Fair access by design], Guidance document 174/2015, issued June 2015, accessed 15 August 2020</ref> and Cambridge Assessment notes that in some cases, subject-specific command words may be in used.<ref>Cambridge Assessment, [https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/exam-administration/what-to-expect-on-exams-day/command-words/ Understanding Command Words], accessed 23 September 2023</ref>
 
====Quizzes====