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{{More citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Centurybox|16}}
[[File:Mercator World Map.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[world map]] by the Italian [[Amerigo Vespucci]] (from whose name the word ''America'' is derived) and Belgian [[Gerardus Mercator]] shows (besides the classical continents [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[Asia]]) the [[Americas]] as ''America sive India Nova', [[New Guinea]], and other islands of [[Southeast Asia]], as well as a hypothetical [[Hyperborea|Arctic continent]] and a yet undetermined ''[[Terra Australis]]''.<ref>Modern reference works on the period tend to follow the introduction of the Gregorian calendar for the sake of clarity; thus [http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/calendar.html NASA's lunar eclipse catalogue] states "The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used." For dates after 15 October 1582, care must be taken to avoid confusion of the two styles.</ref>'']]The '''16th century''' begins with the [[Julian calendar|Julian]] year [[1501]] (represented by the [[Roman numerals]] MDI) and ends with either the Julian or the [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]] year [[1600]] (MDC), depending on the reckoning used (the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582).<ref>
Modern reference works on the period tend to follow the introduction of the Gregorian calendar for the sake of clarity; thus [http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/calendar.html NASA's lunar eclipse catalogue] states "The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used." For dates after 15 October 1582, care must be taken to avoid confusion of the two styles.</ref>
The 16th century is regarded by historians as the century which saw the rise of [[Western culture|the
The [[Renaissance]] in Italy and Europe saw the emergence of important artists, authors and scientists, and led to the foundation of important subjects which include [[accounting]] and [[political science]]. [[Copernicus]] proposed the [[Copernican heliocentrism|heliocentric universe]], which was met with strong resistance, and [[Tycho Brahe]] refuted the theory of [[celestial spheres]] through observational measurement of the [[SN 1572|1572 appearance]] of a [[Milky Way]] [[supernova]]. These events directly challenged the long-held notion of an immutable universe supported by [[Ptolemy]] and [[Aristotle]], and led to major revolutions in [[astronomy]] and science. [[Galileo Galilei]] became a champion of the new sciences, invented the first thermometer and made substantial contributions in the fields of [[physics]] and [[astronomy]], becoming a major figure in the [[Scientific Revolution]] in Europe.
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