Wikipedia

Tehran: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
YenWitch (talk | contribs)
131 edits
m +Updated
Tags: Reverted Visual edit
Line 7:
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Capital city]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple imagePhotomontage
| photo1a = Azadi Tower (29358497718).jpg
| border = infobox
| photo2a = Tehran end-year traffic, 19 March 2018 (13961228001006636570840100161167 81764) (cropped).jpg
| total_width = 300
| photo2b = پل طبیعت تهران (cropped).jpg
| perrow = 1/2/1/2
| photo3a = نمایی از شمس العماره.jpg
| image1 = Crowded tehran.jpg
| photo3b = National Garden, Tehran 07.jpg
| alt1 = Milad Tower
| image2photo4a = City Theater =of Tehran, Azadi2019 Tower6 (42116985775cropped).jpg
| photo4b = Národní muzeum Íránu.jpg
| alt2 = Azadi Tower
| spacing = 2
| image3 = View of Tehran at Night (25821934418).jpg
| color_border = white
| alt3 = Tehran at night
| color = white
| image4 = Tehran in a clean day.jpg
| size = 275
| alt4 = Tehran in a clean day
| foot_montage = Clockwise from top: [[Azadi Tower]]; [[Tabiat Bridge]] and [[Alborz]]; [[National Garden, Tehran|National Garden]]; [[National Museum of Iran|National Museum]]; [[City Theater of Tehran|City Theater]]; [[Golestan Palace]] and [[Milad Tower]]
| image5 = National Garden, Tehran 07.jpg
| alt5 = National Garden
| image6 = Bagh-e Ferdows Tajrish.jpg
| alt6 = Bagh-e Ferdows Tajrish
| image7 = نمایی از شمس العماره.jpg
| alt7 = Shams-ol-Emareh
| image8 = 13991102000771637468567986886936 اولین هوای پاک زمستانی در تهران.jpg
| alt8 = Navvab Expressway
| image9 = پل طبیعت تهران.jpg
| alt9 = Tabiat Bridge
| image10 = Chitgar lake.jpg
| alt10 = Chitgar lake
}}
| image_caption =
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top''': [[Milad Tower]]; [[Azadi Tower]]; view of city at night; north of Tehran, [[National Garden, Tehran|National Garden]]; [[Ferdows Garden]]; [[Shams-ol-Emareh]]; [[Navvab Expressway]]; [[Tabiat Bridge]]; and [[Chitgar Lake]]
| image_seal = لوگو شهرداری تهران.svg
| seal_alt =
Line 49 ⟶ 38:
| coordinates = {{coord|35|41|21|N|51|23|20|E|region:IR-23_type:city(9,000,000)|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of Iran|County]]
Line 90 ⟶ 79:
{{Contains special characters|Perso-Arabic}}
 
'''Tehran''' ({{IPAc-en|t|ɛəˈr|æ|n|,_|-|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|,_|ˌ|t|eɪ|-}}; {{lang-fa|تهران}} {{transliteration|fa|Tehrân}} {{IPA-fa|tehˈɾɒːn||Fa-ir-Tehran_(1).ogg}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city of [[Iran]] and the largest city in [[Tehran Province]]. With a population of aboutaround 9.5 million people in the city and around 16 million in the larger metropolitan area of [[Greater Tehran]], Tehran is the [[List of largest cities of Iran|most populous city]] in Iran and [[Western Asia]],<ref>''SI ee [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia]].''</ref> and has the [[Largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East|second-largest metropolitan area]] in the Middle East, after [[Cairo]]. It is ranked 24th in the world by metropolitan area population.
 
In the [[classical antiquity]], part of the territory of present-day Tehran was occupied by Rhages (now [[Ray, Iran|Ray]]), a prominent [[Medes|Median]] city<ref>{{Cite book |author=Erdösy, George. |title=The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |date=1995 |page=165 |quote=Possible western place names are the following: Raya-, which is also the ancient name of Median Raga in the Achaemenid inscriptions (Darius, Bisotun 2.13: ''a land in Media called Raga'') and modern Rey south of Tehran}}</ref> destroyed in the medieval [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab]], [[Oghuz Turks|Turkic]], and [[Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia|Mongol]] invasions. Modern Ray was absorbed into the metropolitan area of Greater Tehran.
Line 96 ⟶ 85:
Tehran was first chosen as the capital of Iran by [[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar|Agha Mohammad Khan]] of the [[Qajar dynasty]] in 1786, because of its proximity to Iran's territories in the [[Caucasus]], then separated from Iran in the [[Russo-Persian Wars|Russo-Iranian Wars]], to avoid the vying factions of the previously ruling Iranian dynasties. The capital has been moved several times throughout history, however, and Tehran became the 32nd [[Capitals of Persia|capital of Persia]]. Large-scale construction works began in the 1920s, and Tehran became a destination for mass migrations from all over Iran since the 20th century.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran |title=Tehran (Iran) : Introduction – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2012-05-21 |date= |archive-date=2012-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330180118/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Tehran is home to many historical sites, including the royal complexes of [[Golestan Palace|Golestan]], [[Sa'dabad Complex|Sa'dabad]], and [[Niavaran Complex|Niavaran]], where the last two dynasties of the former [[Imperial State of Iran]] were seated. Tehran's landmarks include the [[Azadi Tower]], a memorial built under the reign of [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah]] of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] in 1971 to mark the [[2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire|2,500th anniversary of the Persian Empire]], the [[Milad Tower]], the world's [[List of tallest towers|sixth-tallest self-supporting tower]], completed in 2007, and the [[Tabiat Bridge]], completed in 2014.<ref name="archdaily">{{Cite web |url=http://www.archdaily.com/566387/tabiat-pedestrian-bridge-diba-tensile-architecture |title=Tabiat Pedestrian Bridge / Diba Tensile Architecture |publisher=[[ArchDaily]] |date=17 November 17, 2014 |access-date=12 October 12, 2015 |archive-date=23 September 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211329/http://www.archdaily.com/566387/tabiat-pedestrian-bridge-diba-tensile-architecture/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Most of the population are [[Persian people|Persian]],<ref name="tabnak"/><ref name="Mohammad">{{Cite book |author=Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohammad Jalal; McDonald, Peter; Hosseini-Chavoshi, Meimanat. |title=The Fertility Transition in Iran: Revolution and Reproduction |publisher=Springer |date=30 September 30, 2009 |pages=100–101 |chapter=Region of Residence}}</ref> with roughly 99% of them speaking the [[Persian language]], alongside [[Ethnicities in Iran|other ethnolinguistic groups]] in the city which became Persianized and assimilated.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Schuppe, Mareike. |title=Coping with Growth in Tehran: Strategies of Development Regulation |publisher=GRIN Verlag |date=2008 |page=13 |quote=Besides Persian, there are Azari, Armenian, and Jewish communities in Tehran. The vast majority of Tehran's residents are Persian-speaking (98.3%).}}</ref>
 
Tehran is served by [[Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport|Imam Khomeini International Airport]], alongside the domestic [[Mehrabad International Airport|Mehrabad Airport]], [[Tehran railway station|a central railway station]], [[Tehran Metro]], a [[bus rapid transit]] system, [[Trolleybuses in Tehran|trolleybuses]], and [[List of Expressways in Tehran|a large network of highways]].
 
Plans to relocate the capital from Tehran to another area due to [[air pollution]] and earthquakes have not been approved so far. A 2016 survey of 230 cities across the globe by [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]] ranked Tehran 203rd for [[quality of life]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-diaspora-idUSKCN0WV16D |title=Iranian expats hard to woo as Western firms seek a foothold in Iran |author=Barbaglia, Pamela. |work=[[Reuters]] |date=29 March 29, 2016 |access-date=2 July 2, 2017 |archive-date=1 April 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401143212/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-diaspora-idUSKCN0WV16D |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[Tourism#MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index|Global Destinations Cities Index]] in 2016, Tehran is among the top ten fastest [[Tourism in Iran|growing destinations]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/bangkok-takes-title-in-2016-mastercard-global-destinations-cities-index |title=Bangkok Takes Title in 2016 Mastercard Global Destinations Cities Index |author=Erenhouse, Ryan. |publisher=[[MasterCard]]'s newsroom |date=22 September 22, 2016 |access-date=12 June 12, 2017 |archive-date=28 April 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428214732/http://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/bangkok-takes-title-in-2016-mastercard-global-destinations-cities-index/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tehran City Council declared 6 October 6 the Tehran Day in 2016, celebrating the date when in 1907 the city officially became the capital of Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/citizens-of-capital-mark-tehran-day-on-october-6/|title = Citizens of Capital Mark Tehran Day on October 6|date = 2018-10-06|access-date = 2018-10-07|archive-date = 2019-07-06|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190706073748/https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/citizens-of-capital-mark-tehran-day-on-october-6/|url-status = live}}</ref>
 
== Etymology ==
Various theories on the origin of the name Tehran have been put forward.
 
Iranian linguist [[Ahmad Kasravi]], in an article "Shemiran-Tehran", suggested that ''Tehran'' and ''Kehran'' mean "the warm place", and ''"Shemiran''" means "the cool place". He listed cities with the same base and suffix and studied the components of the word in ancient [[Iranian languages]], and came to the conclusion that Tehran and Kehran meant the same thing in different Iranian language families, as the consonantsconstant "t" and "k" are close to each other in such languages. He also provided evidence that cities named "Shemiran" were colder than those named "Tehran" or "Kehran". He considered other theories not considering the ancient history of Iranian languages such as "Tirgan" theory and "Tahran" theory [[folk etymology]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yahya|first=Zoka|title=Karvand of Kasravi|publisher=Franklin|year=1978|location=Tehran|pages=273–283}}</ref>
 
Another theory is that "Tehran" derives from ''Tiran/Tirgan'', "the abode of [[Tir (god)|Tir]]", the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] equivalent of [[Hermes]]). The ancient [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] town of Tiran had a neighbour, [[Mehran (district)|Mehran]] ("abode of Mehr/Mithra", the Zoroastrian sun/justice angel). Both of these were mere villages in the suburbs of the great city of Ray/Rhages. Mehran still exists as a residential district in Greater Tehran, as well as Ray, which forms the southern suburbs of Tehran.
 
The official City of Tehran website says that "Tehran" comes from the Persian words ''tah''"Tah" meaning "end", or "bottom", and ''ran''"Ran" meaning "[mountain] slope"—literally, the bottom of the mountain (ته کوه). Given Tehran's position at the foot of the [[Alborz]] mountains, this seems plausible.<ref>{{Cite web |lastauthor=Behrooz|first=, Samira|last2=; Karampour|first2=, Katayoun. |url=http://universityandheritage.net/SIFU/XII_Hanoi_2009/en/abstracts/html/14.html |title=A Research on Adaptation of Historic Urban Landscapes |date=15 November 15, 2008 |access-date=18 June 18, 2009 |archive-date=24 July 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724115732/http://universityandheritage.net/SIFU/XII_Hanoi_2009/en/abstracts/html/14.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
The most interesting toponymical theory of the name Tehran has been suggested by Zana Piranshahri (Dana Pishdar), the Iranian linguist residing in Norway.
 
According to Dana Pishdar, the etymological root of the name Tehran should be searched for in the ancient Iranic languages such as Median and Avestan. Because in the pre-Islamicislamic era, the city of Rey and the area of Tehran were the largest cities of the Media region, and also in Zoroastrian era, it was considered a holy city and was headquarters of a theocratic government similar to the modern Vatican state;, this suggestion does not sound illogical.
 
In the opinion of Dana Pishdar, the name of Tehran consists of the two lexical elements, ''teh''"Teh" and ''ran''"Ran". According to Pishdar, ''teh''"Teh" in ancient Median languages means "honeyberry" and ''ran''"Ran" means "foothillsFoothills". HoneyberryThe trees"Teh", meaning "honeyberry" was a tree that was used to grow in the northern parts of Tehran province. It is also mentioned in the Dehkhoda dictionary and Dehkhoda explains it in this way: ''teh''"Teh" is a name that in Shemiranat and around Tehran is applied to the "honeyberry" tree.
 
So according to Zana Piranshahri, the word ''Tehran'' means a place where the "honeyberry" tree grows. Also the suffix ''ran''"Ran" is visible in many of the names of districts and villages of modern Tehran that are not unrelated to each other, such as Shemiran, Niavaran, Jamaran, Qasran and Shahran. In the Avestan language and also in the book of Avesta ''ran''"Ran" has had the meaning of "foothillsFoothills" and "plain," which is still related to the name of the Rey city. The Zoroastrianzoroastrian Medes called their largest and most important town Rhaga or Rey, meaning the town which is situated in the plain and on a foothill. Therefore, the words "Rey" and "Ran" meanare meaning foothills, and the toponymic reason for this is the geographical position of Rey and Tehran, because both are located on foothills and in a plain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shahrmajazi.com/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86|title=آشنایی با شهر تهران|website=shahrmajazi.com|accessdate=16 March 2023}}</ref>
 
In English, it was formerly spelt "Teheran".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tehran | title=Tehran &#124; History, Population, & Tourism &#124; Britannica }}</ref>
Line 146 ⟶ 135:
 
[[File:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, painting, ca. 1840.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A portrait of [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] ruler [[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar|Agha Mohammad Khan]], at London's [[Victoria and Albert Museum|V&A Museum]]]]
In the early 18th century, [[Karim Khan Zand|Karim Khan]] of the [[Zand dynasty]] ordered a palace and a government office built in Tehran, possibly to declare the city his capital; but he later moved his government to [[Shiraz]]. Eventually, Qajar king [[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar|Agha Mohammad Khan]] chose Tehran as the capital of Iran in 1786.<ref name="books.google.nl">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdFu7X2UtpAC&pg=PA12 |title=Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896 |access-date=26 December 26, 2014 |first=Abbas |last=Amanat |date=1997 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=9780520083219 |archive-date=1 January 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101191554/https://books.google.com/books?id=xdFu7X2UtpAC&pg=PA12 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Agha Mohammad Khan's choice of his capital was based on a similar concern for the control of both northern and southern Iran.<ref name="books.google.nl" /> He was aware of the loyalties of the inhabitants of former capitals [[Isfahan]] and Shiraz to the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] and Zand dynasties respectively, and was wary of the power of the local notables in these cities.<ref name="books.google.nl" /> Thus, he probably viewed Tehran's lack of a substantial urban structure as a blessing, because it minimized the chances of resistance to his rule by the notables and by the general public.<ref name="books.google.nl" /> Moreover, he had to remain within close reach of [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] and Iran's integral [[North Caucasus|northern]] and [[South Caucasus|southern]] [[Caucasus|Caucasian territories]]<ref name="books.google.nl" />—at that time not yet irrevocably lost per the treaties of [[Treaty of Gulistan|Golestan]] and [[Treaty of Turkmenchay|Turkmenchay]] to the neighboring [[Russian Empire]]—which would follow in the course of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Dowling, Timothy C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ |title=Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond |pages=728–730 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |date=2 December 2, 2014 |isbn=978-1-59884-948-6 |access-date=18 March 18, 2016 |archive-date=12 October 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012040129/https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
[[File:Tehran1857.jpg|thumb|upright|Map of Tehran in 1857]]
Line 154 ⟶ 143:
 
The first development plan of Tehran in 1855 emphasized traditional spatial structure. The second, under the supervision of [[Dar ul-Funun (Persia)|Dar ol Fonun]] in 1878, included new city walls, in the form of a perfect octagon with an area of 19 square kilometers, mimicking the [[Renaissance]] cities of Europe.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://jph.sagepub.com/content/12/1/49|author=Vahdat Za, Vahid.|title=Spatial Discrimination in Tehran's Modern Urban Planning 1906–1979|year=2011|work=Journal of Planning History vol. 12 no. 1 49–62|access-date=2013-04-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016094735/http://jph.sagepub.com/content/12/1/49|archive-date=2015-10-16}}</ref> Tehran was 19.79 square kilometers, and had expanded more than fourfold.<ref>Shirazian, Reza, Atlas-i Tehran-i Qadim, Dastan Publishing House: Tehran, 2015, P. 11</ref>
[[File:Mashq Square by Mohammad Hasan Khan Afshar..jpg|center|thumb|441x441px|The [[National Garden, Tehran|Parade Square]] in the mid-19th century, depicting the imperial army with [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar|its absolute monarch]] in the centre]]
 
=== Late modern era ===
[[File:Poster of Conquest of Tehran in July 1909 by Bakhtiaris.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Triumph of Tehran]]: [[Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari|Sardar Asad II]] and [[Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni|Sepahsalar e Tonekaboni]] conquering Tehran in July 1909]]
Growing awareness of civil rights resulted in the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution|Constitutional Revolution]] and the [[Persian Constitution of 1906|first constitution of Iran]] in 1906. On 2 June 2, 1907, the parliament passed a law on local governance known as the ''Baladie'' ([[municipal law]]), providing a detailed outline of issues such as the role of councils within the city, the members' qualifications, the election process, and the requirements to be entitled to vote. The then-Qajar monarch [[Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar|Mohammad Ali Shah]] abolished the constitution and [[1908 bombardment of the Majlis|bombarded]] the parliament with the help of the Russian-controlled [[Persian Cossack Brigade|Cossack Brigade]] on 23 June 23, 1908. That was followed by the capture of the city by the revolutionary forces of [[Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari|Ali-Qoli Khan]] (Sardar Asad II) and [[Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni|Mohammad Vali Khan]] (Sepahsalar e Tonekaboni) on 13 July 13, 1909. As a result, the monarch was exiled and replaced by his son [[Ahmad Shah Qajar|Ahmad]], and the parliament was re-established.
[[File:ETH-BIB-Teheran aus 400 m Höhe-Persienflug 1924-1925-LBS MH02-02-0085-AL-FL.tif|250px|thumb|Aerial view of Tehran in 1925]]
After [[World War I]], the [[constituent assembly]] elected [[Reza Shah]] of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] as the new monarch, who immediately suspended the Baladie law of 1907, replacing the decentralized and autonomous city councils with centralist approaches to [[governance]] and planning.<ref name=autogenerated2 />
Line 180 ⟶ 167:
File:Elizabeth (Keshavarz) Blvd-Tehran-1970s.jpg|[[Keshavarz Boulevard]] in 1970
File:Karimkhan Vila 1977jpg.jpg|[[Zand Boulevard|Karimkhan Street]] in 1977
</gallery>The establishment of the planning organization of Iran in 1948 resulted in the first socioeconomic development plan to cover from 1949 to 1955. These plans not only failed to slow the unbalanced growth of Tehran but with the 1962 land reforms that Reza Shah's son and successor [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah]] named the ''[[White Revolution]]'', Tehran's chaotic growth was further accentuated.
</gallery>
 
[[File:Vista de Teherán desde la Torre Milad, Irán, 2016-09-17, DD 76.jpg|thumb|left|[[List of Expressways in Tehran|Expressways in Tehran]]]]
The establishment of the planning organization of Iran in 1948 resulted in the first socioeconomic development plan to cover from 1949 to 1955. These plans not only failed to slow the unbalanced growth of Tehran but with the 1962 land reforms that Reza Shah's son and successor [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah]] named the ''[[White Revolution]]'', Tehran's chaotic growth was further accentuated.
 
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Tehran developed rapidly under Mohammad Reza Shah. Modern buildings altered the face of Tehran and ambitious projects were planned for the following decades. To resolve the problem of [[social exclusion]], the first comprehensive plan was approved in 1968. The consortium of Iranian architect [[Abdol-Aziz Mirza Farmanfarmaian|Abd-ol-Aziz Farmanfarmaian]] and the American firm of [[Victor Gruen|Victor Gruen Associates]] identified the main problems blighting the city as high-density suburbs, air and water pollution, inefficient infrastructure, unemployment, and rural-urban migration. Eventually, the whole plan was marginalized by the [[1979 Revolution]] and the subsequent [[Iran–Iraq War]].<ref name=autogenerated2 />
 
[[File:Tehran_IMG_20191219_122637099_(49550671088).jpg|thumb|The [[Azadi Tower]] was built in 1971.]]
Tehran's most famous landmark, the Azadi Tower, was built by the order of the Shah in 1971. It was designed by [[Hossein Amanat]], an architect whose design won a competition, combining elements of classical [[Sasanian architecture|Sassanian architecture]] with post-classical Iranian architecture. Formerly known as the ''Shahyad Tower'', it was built to commemorate the [[2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire|2,500th anniversary of the Imperial State of Iran]].
 
Line 434 ⟶ 418:
|}
 
Northern Tehran is the wealthiest part of the city,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-05-09/features/9305090413_1_islamic-revolution-islamic-codes-tehran |title=Iran Lightens Up On Western Ways |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=May 9, 1993 |access-date=2017-08-06 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806210515/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-05-09/features/9305090413_1_islamic-revolution-islamic-codes-tehran |url-status=live }}</ref> consisting of various districts such as [[Zafaraniyeh]], [[Nelson Mandela Boulevard (Jordan Street) Tehran|Jordan]], [[Elahieh|Elahiyeh]], [[Pasdaran (district)|Pasdaran]], [[Kamranieh]], [[Ajudanieh|Ajodanieh]], [[Farmanieh]], [[Darrous]], [[Niavaran]], [[Jamaran]], [[Aghdasieh]], [[Mahmoodieh]], [[Velenjak]], [[Gheytarieh|Qeytarieh]], Ozgol and [[Ekhtiarieh]].<ref name="washingtonpost.com">Buzbee, Sally. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/04/AR2007100401405_pf.html "Tehran: Split Between Liberal, Hard-Line"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806141930/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/04/AR2007100401405_pf.html |date=2017-08-06 }}. [[Associated Press]] via ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Thursday 4 October 2007.</ref><ref name="accessmylibrary.com">Hundley, Tom. [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-8331982_ITM "Pro-reform Khatami appears victorious after 30 million Iranians cast votes"]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. 8 June 2001.</ref> While the center of the city houses government ministries and headquarters, commercial centers are located further north.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Tochal-Tehran.jpg|Tehran and [[Tochal|Mount Tochal]] in the winter of 2006
File:View of Tehran at Night (25821934418).jpg|View of Tehran at night from Tajrish
File:Elahiyeh.jpg|[[Elahieh]], an upper-class residential and commercial district in northern Tehran
File:Ekhtiarieh, Tehran, Tehran, Iran - panoramio.jpg|[[Ekhtiarieh]], an old residential area in northern Tehran
File:Tehran from Qeytariyeh.jpg|Tehran from [[Gheytarieh]]
File:Boukhares Ave., Tehran - panoramio.jpg|Bucharest Street in [[Abbas Abad (Tehran)|Abbas Abad]], north-central Tehran
File:Resalat Tunnel in Tehran.jpg|Resalat Tunnel in Tehran
File:Sattarkhan, Tehran, Tehran Province, Iran - panoramio.jpg|Sattarkhan street in Tehran
File:Sabet Pasal Palace-01.jpg|Jordan view
File:Tehran - Kamranieh 2.jpg|Kamranieh alley
File:2008-11-26 Teheran Velenjak 02 (cropped).jpg|Velenjak north-western Tehran
File:Pasdaran Street Tehran.jpg|Pasdaran Street
</gallery>
 
Northern Tehran is the wealthiest part of the city,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-05-09/features/9305090413_1_islamic-revolution-islamic-codes-tehran |title=Iran Lightens Up On Western Ways |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=9 May 1993 |access-date=2017-08-06 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806210515/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-05-09/features/9305090413_1_islamic-revolution-islamic-codes-tehran |url-status=live }}</ref> consisting of various districts such as [[Zafaraniyeh]], [[Nelson Mandela Boulevard (Jordan Street) Tehran|Jordan]], [[Elahieh|Elahiyeh]], [[Pasdaran (district)|Pasdaran]], [[Kamranieh]], [[Ajudanieh|Ajodanieh]], [[Farmanieh]], [[Darrous]], [[Niavaran]], [[Jamaran]], [[Aghdasieh]], [[Mahmoodieh]], [[Velenjak]], [[Gheytarieh|Qeytarieh]], Ozgol and [[Ekhtiarieh]].<ref name="washingtonpost.com">Buzbee, Sally. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/04/AR2007100401405_pf.html "Tehran: Split Between Liberal, Hard-Line"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806141930/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/04/AR2007100401405_pf.html |date=2017-08-06 }}. [[Associated Press]] via ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Thursday 4 October 2007.</ref><ref name="accessmylibrary.com">Hundley, Tom. [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-8331982_ITM "Pro-reform Khatami appears victorious after 30 million Iranians cast votes"]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. 8 June 2001.</ref> While the center of the city houses government ministries and headquarters, commercial centers are located further north.
 
=== Climate ===
[[File:Tehran Profile, Level 1, 2012.jpg|thumb|Urban sustainability analysis of the metropolitan area of Tehran, using the 'Circles of Sustainability' method of the [[United Nations Global Compact|UN Global Compact]] Cities Programme]]The northern area of Tehran has a [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: [[Mediterranean climate#Hot-summer Mediterranean climate|''Csa'']]), with a [[cold semi-arid climate]] (''BSk'') elsewhere, with hot dry summers and cool rainy winters.<!---PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THIS TO 'COLD SEMI-ARID CLIMATE' BECAUSE THAT'S INCORRECT. TEHRAN'S AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE OF 15.6 WHEN MULTIPLIED BY 20 GIVES A TOTAL OF 312, WHICH IS SIGNIFICANTLY LESS THAN THE TOTAL ANNUAL PRECIPITATION OF 429 MM.---> Tehran's climate is largely defined by its geographic location, with the towering [[Alborz]] mountains to its north and the country's central desert to the south. It can be generally described as mild in spring and autumn, hot and dry in summer, and cold and wet in winter.
[[File:A fall in Nation Park, Tehran City.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Mellat Park]] in autumn]]
 
The northern area of Tehran has a [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: [[Mediterranean climate#Hot-summer Mediterranean climate|''Csa'']]), with a [[cold semi-arid climate]] (''BSk'') elsewhere, with hot dry summers and cool rainy winters.<!---PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THIS TO 'COLD SEMI-ARID CLIMATE' BECAUSE THAT'S INCORRECT. TEHRAN'S AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE OF 15.6 WHEN MULTIPLIED BY 20 GIVES A TOTAL OF 312, WHICH IS SIGNIFICANTLY LESS THAN THE TOTAL ANNUAL PRECIPITATION OF 429 MM.---> Tehran's climate is largely defined by its geographic location, with the towering [[Alborz]] mountains to its north and the country's central desert to the south. It can be generally described as mild in spring and autumn, hot and dry in summer, and cold and wet in winter.
 
As the city has a large area, with significant differences in elevation among various districts, the weather is often cooler in the hilly north than in the flat southern part of Tehran. For instance, the {{convert|17.3|km|abbr=on}} [[Valiasr Street]] runs from Tehran's railway station at {{convert|1117|m|abbr=on}} elevation above sea level in the south of the city to [[Tajrish Square]] at 1712.6&nbsp;m (5612.3&nbsp;ft) elevation above sea level in the north.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm|title=Elevation Finder|last=Tools|first=Free Map|website=Freemaptools.com|language=en|access-date=2017-02-02|archive-date=2020-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516040306/https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the elevation can even rise up to {{convert|2000|m|abbr=on}} at the end of [[Velenjak]] in northern Tehran. The sparse texture, the existence of old gardens, orchards, green spaces along the highways and the lack of industrial activities in the north of the city have helped the air in the northern areas to be 2 to 3 degrees Celsius cooler than the southern areas of the city.<ref name="Tehran Geography">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/article/27105/تهران--جغرافیا--شیوا-جعفری|title=Tehran Geography|language=fa|access-date=2018-10-11|archive-date=2018-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911143144/https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/article/27105/تهران--جغرافیا--شیوا-جعفری|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The main direction of the prevailing wind in Tehran is northwest to southeast.<ref name="hamshahrionline">[https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/photo/173606/آشنایی-با-دریاچه-شهدای-خلیج-فارس-چیتگر-تهران/Chitgar lake (in Persian)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209054656/https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/photo/173606/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3-%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 |date=9 December 2022 }}. hamshahrionline.ir</ref> Other air currents that blow in the area of Tehran​​Tehran are:
 
# Tochal breeze: With the rapid cooling of the Alborz mountain range at night, a local high-pressure center is formed on Mount Tochal, and this cold current flows down the mountain due to its weight and high pressure; Thus, a gentle breeze blows into the city from the north at night.<ref name="Tehran Geography"/>
Line 469 ⟶ 435:
In most years, winter provides half of Tehran's total annual rainfall. March is the rainiest month of the year and about one-fifth of the annual rainfall occurs in it. Summer is also the least rainy season and September is the driest month of the year in Tehran. The average annual rainfall of the city is sometimes very different in the north and south regions.<ref name="Tehran Geography"/> There are between 205 and 213 days of clear to partly cloudy weather in Tehran.<ref name="atlas.tehran.ir">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143424/http://atlas.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=171/ Climate and air pollution of Tehran (in Persian)]. atlas.tehran.ir</ref>
 
One of the most intense rains in Tehran happened on 21 April 21, 1962 and this rain lasted for 10 hours. Meteorology also announced that the amount of rainfall on that one day in Tehran was equivalent to six years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iichs.ir/p/history.aspx?id=2|title=Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies|language=fa|access-date=2018-06-11|archive-date=2015-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121001916/http://www.iichs.ir/p/history.aspx?id=2|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Summer is hot and dry with little rain, but [[relative humidity]] is generally low, making the heat tolerable. Average high temperatures are between {{convert|31|C}} and {{convert|38|°C}} during [[summer|summer months]], and it can sometimes rise up to {{convert|40|C}} during [[heat waves]]. Average low temperatures in summer are between {{convert|18|C}} and {{convert|25|°C}}, and it can occasionally drop to below {{convert|14|C}}&nbsp; in the mountainous north of the city at night.
Line 756 ⟶ 722:
|source 2 =<ref name="data.irimo.ir">[http://www.data.irimo.ir/ I.R. OF IRAN METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (IN PERSIAN)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529100320/https://data.irimo.ir/ |date=29 May 2020 }}. 1988–2018</ref>}}
 
In February 2005, heavy snow covered all parts of the city. Snow depth was recorded as {{convert|15|cm|0|abbr=on}} in the southern part of the city and {{convert|100|cm|0|abbr=on}} in the northern part of city. One newspaper reported that it had been the worst weather in 34 years. Ten thousand bulldozers and 13,000 municipal workers were deployed to keep the main roads open.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4250831.stm/ |author=Harrison, Frances |title=Iran gripped by wintry weather |date=19 February 19, 2005 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=20 August 20, 2012 |archive-date=11 October 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011190509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4250831.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="chn">{{Cite web |url=http://www.chn.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=74960&Serv=0&SGr=0/ |title=Heavy Snowfall in Tehran |language=fa |access-date=2018-03-30 |archive-date=2013-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426100918/http://www.chn.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=74960&Serv=0&SGr=0%2F |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
On January 5 and 6 January, 2008, a [[Winter storm|wave of heavy snow and low temperatures]] covered the city in a thick layer of snow and ice, forcing the Council of Ministers to officially declare a [[state of emergency]] and close down the capital from 6 January 6 through 7 January 7.<ref name="IRNA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080208071157/http://www1.irna.com/fa/news/view/line-2/8610166477213215.htm/ Heavy Snowfall in Tehran (in Persian)]. irna.com</ref>
 
On 3 February 3, 2014, Tehran received heavy snowfall, specifically in the northern parts of the city, with a depth of {{convert|2|m|ft}}. In one week of successive snowfalls, roads were made impassable in some areas, with the temperature ranging from {{convert|−8|°C|0}}&nbsp; to&nbsp; {{convert|−16|°C|0}}.<ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26061662/ |title=Rare snow blankets Iran's capital Tehran |publisher=BBC News |access-date=2014-06-03 |archive-date=2014-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522130824/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26061662 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
On 3 June 3, 2014, a severe thunderstorm with powerful [[microbursts]] created a [[haboob]], engulfing the city in sand and dust and causing five deaths, with more than 57 injured. This event also knocked down numerous trees and power lines. It struck between 5:00 and 6:00&nbsp;p.m., dropping temperatures from {{convert|33|C}}&nbsp; to {{convert|19|C}}&nbsp; within an hour. The dramatic temperature drop was accompanied by wind gusts reaching nearly {{convert|118|km/h |mph}}&nbsp;.<ref name="AccuWeather">{{Cite web |url=http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/deadly-dust-storm-blasts-tehra-1/28046154/ |title=Deadly Dust Storm Engulfs Iran's Capital |date=3 June 3, 2014 |website=AccuWeather.com |access-date=3 June 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603084845/http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/deadly-dust-storm-blasts-tehra-1/28046154 |archive-date=3 June 3, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
=== Environmental issues ===
Line 810 ⟶ 776:
With its cosmopolitan atmosphere, Tehran is home to diverse ethnic and linguistic groups from all over the country. The present-day dominant language of Tehran is the [[Tehrani accent|Tehrani variety]] of the [[Persian language]], and the majority of people in Tehran identify themselves as [[Persian people|Persians]].<ref name="Mohammad" /><ref name="tabnak"/> However, before, the native language of the Tehran–Ray region was not Persian, which is linguistically Southwest Iranian and originates in [[Fars Province|Fars]], but a now extinct [[Western Iranian languages|Northwestern Iranian language]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Central Dialects|author-last=Windfuhr|author-first=Gernot L.|author-link=Gernot Windfuhr|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|editor-last=Yarshater|editor-first=Ehsan|editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater|year=1991|publisher=Routledge|location=London and New York|pages=242–252|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-dialects|access-date=23 August 2013|volume=5|archive-date=5 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905072810/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-dialects|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[Iranian Azerbaijanis|Iranian Azeris]] form the second-largest ethnic group of the city, comprising about 10-15% <ref name="Iran-Azeris">{{cite news |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ir0052) |title=Iran-Azeris |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |date=December 1987 |access-date=13 August 2013 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125044513/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+ir0052%29 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Country Study Guide-Azerbaijanis">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KOSUrLPC6IC&pg=PA152 |title=Country Study Guide-Azerbaijanis |year=2005 |publisher=STRATEGIC INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENTS-USA |isbn=9780739714768 |access-date=13 August 2013 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904062040/https://books.google.com/books?id=0KOSUrLPC6IC&pg=PA152 |url-status=live }}</ref> of the total population, while ethnic [[Mazanderani people|Mazanderanis]] are the third-largest, comprising about 5% of the total population.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.irna.ir/fa/News/82021017/ |title=یک و نیم میلیون مازندرانی پایتخت نشین شدند |publisher=[[Islamic Republic News Agency|IRNA]] |date=3 April 3, 2016 |language=fa |access-date=30 April 30, 2017 |archive-date=20 August 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820072730/http://www.irna.ir/fa/News/82021017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tehran's other ethnic communities include [[Kurds]], [[Iranian Armenians|Armenians]], [[Iranian Georgians|Georgians]], [[Bakhtiari people|Bakhtyaris]], [[Talysh people|Talysh]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Assyrians in Iran|Assyrians]], [[Arabs]], [[Jews]], and [[Circassians in Iran|Circassians]].
 
According to a 2010 census conducted by the Sociology Department of the [[University of Tehran]], in many districts of Tehran across various socio-economic classes in proportion to population sizes of each district and socio-economic class, 63% of the people were born in Tehran, 98% knew Persian, 75% identified themselves as ethnic Persian, and 13% had some degree of proficiency in a European language.<ref name="tabnak">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/133668 |title=چنددرصد تهرانی‌ها در تهران به دنیا آمده‌اند؟ |website=tabnak.ir |language=fa |date=3 November 3, 2010 |access-date=18 December 18, 2010 |archive-date=27 February 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227033705/http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/133668 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Tehran saw a drastic change in its ethnic-social composition in the early 1980s. After the political, social, and economic consequences of the [[1979 Revolution]] and the years that followed, a number of Iranian citizens, mostly Tehranis, left Iran. The majority of [[Iranian diaspora|Iranian emigrations]] have left for the [[Iranian Americans|United States]], [[Iranians in Germany|Germany]], [[Swedish Iranians|Sweden]], and [[Iranian Canadians|Canada]].
Line 823 ⟶ 789:
{{See also|Religion in Iran|List of religious centers in Tehran}}
The majority of Tehranis are officially [[Twelver Shia]] [[Islam|Muslims]], which has also been the state religion since the 16th-century [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Safavid conversion]]. Other religious communities in the city include followers of the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Sufism|Mystic]] branches of Islam, various [[Christianity|Christian]] denominations, [[Judaism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], and the [[Baháʼí Faith]].
 
As per a 2003 survey, 60% of Tehranis consider religion to be "very important", 25% "important" and 13% "not important", while 41% of Tehranis identify as "very pious", 41% as "pious" and 16% as "not pious."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=TEZCÜR |first=GÜNEŞ MURAT |last2=AZADARMAKİ |first2=TAGHİ |date=2008 |title=Religiosity and Islamic Rule in Iran |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00403.x |journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=217 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00403.x |issn=0021-8294}}</ref> A 2016 survey found out that, among Tehranis, 53.5% consider religion to be "very important / important", 31.1% to be "rather important", 10.5% to be "not very important" and 4.8% to be "not at all important."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asadzade |first=Peyman |date=2019-02-28 |title=Faith or Ideology? Religiosity, Political Islam, and Anti-Americanism in Iran |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogy038 |journal=Journal of Global Security Studies |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=545–559 |doi=10.1093/jogss/ogy038 |issn=2057-3170}}</ref>
 
There are many religious centres scattered around the city, from old to newly built centres, including [[List of religious centers in Tehran#Mosques and madrasehs|mosques]], [[List of religious centers in Tehran#Churches|churches]], [[List of religious centers in Tehran#Synagogues|synagogues]], and [[List of religious centers in Tehran#Fire temples|Zoroastrian fire temples]]. The city also has a very small third-generation Indian [[Sikh]] community with a local [[gurdwara]] that was visited by the Indian Prime Minister in 2012.<ref name="Indian Prime Minister in Tehran">{{cite web|last=Lakshman|first=Nikhil|title=Indian Prime Minister in Tehran|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-to-organise-a-summit-the-iranian-way/20120830.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=3 September 2012|archive-date=3 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903043924/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-to-organise-a-summit-the-iranian-way/20120830.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Line 841 ⟶ 805:
{{See also|Economy of Tehran|Industry of Iran|Communications in Iran}}
[[File:Tehran Stock Exchange 3513534.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tehran Stock Exchange]]]]
[[File:Iran Khodro In 2018.jpg|left|thumb|[[Iran Khodro|IKCO]] in 2018]]
Tehran is the economic centre of Iran.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |title=Tehran (Iran) : People – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2012-05-21 |date= |archive-date=2012-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123001337/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |url-status=live }}</ref> About 30% of Iran's public-sector workforce and 45% of its large industrial firms are located in the city, and almost half of these workers are employed by the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf|author=Cordesman, Anthony H.|title=The US, Israel, the Arab States and a Nuclear Iran. Part One: Iranian Nuclear Programs|date=23 September 2008|work=Center for Strategic and International Studies|access-date=2010-09-25|archive-date=2010-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806042511/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the remainder of workers are factory workers, shopkeepers, laborers, and transport workers.
Tehran is the economic centre of Iran.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |title=Tehran (Iran) : People – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2012-05-21 |date= |archive-date=2012-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123001337/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |url-status=live }}</ref> About 30% of Iran's public-sector workforce and 45% of its large industrial firms are located in the city, and almost half of these workers are employed by the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf|author=Cordesman, Anthony H.|title=The US, Israel, the Arab States and a Nuclear Iran. Part One: Iranian Nuclear Programs|date=September 23, 2008|work=Center for Strategic and International Studies|access-date=2010-09-25|archive-date=2010-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806042511/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the remainder of workers are factory workers, shopkeepers, laborers, and transport workers.
 
Few foreign companies operate in Tehran, due to the government's complex international relations. But prior to the [[1979 Revolution]], many foreign companies were active in Iran.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaichian|first1=Mohammad|title=Town and Country in the Middle East: Iran and Egypt in the Transition to Globalization|date=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7391-2677-6|pages=98–103}}</ref> Tehran's present-day modern industries include the manufacturing of automobiles, electronics and electrical equipment, weaponry, textiles, sugar, cement, and chemical products. It is also a leading centre for the sale of carpets and furniture. The oil refining companies of [[Pars Oil]], [[Sepahan Oil Company|Speedy]], and [[Behran Oil Company|Behran]] are based in Tehran.
Line 849 ⟶ 814:
=== Shopping ===
{{See also|List of shopping malls in Iran}}
[[File:Iranmall Overview.jpg|thumb|[[Iran Mall]], [[Lists of shopping malls|Biggest shopping mall in the world]] in terms of area]]
Tehran has a wide range of shopping centers, and is home to over 60 modern shopping malls.<ref name="gulfn">{{Cite web |url=http://gulfnews.com/business/economy/hopes-for-shopping-revolution-as-malls-sprout-in-iran-1.1585877 |title=Hopes for shopping revolution as malls sprout in Iran |author=Gulf News |date=9 June 2017 |author-link=Gulf News |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018145219/http://gulfnews.com/business/economy/hopes-for-shopping-revolution-as-malls-sprout-in-iran-1.1585877 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has a number of [[commercial district]]s, including those located at [[Valiasr Street|Valiasr]], [[Davoodiyeh|Davudie]], and [[Zafaraniyeh|Zaferanie]]. The largest old [[bazaar]]s of Tehran are the [[Grand Bazaar, Tehran|Grand Bazaar]] and the [[Tajrish|Bazaar of Tajrish]]. [[Iran Mall]] is the largest mall in the world in area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infos10.com/biggest-shopping-malls-in-the-world/|title=Top 10 Biggest Shopping Malls In The World 2022|date=27 September 2021|website=Infos10.com|access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref>
Tehran has a wide range of shopping centers, and is home to over 60 modern shopping malls.<ref name="gulfn">{{Cite web |url=http://gulfnews.com/business/economy/hopes-for-shopping-revolution-as-malls-sprout-in-iran-1.1585877 |title=Hopes for shopping revolution as malls sprout in Iran |author=Gulf News |date=June 9, 2017 |author-link=Gulf News |access-date=June 12, 2017 |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018145219/http://gulfnews.com/business/economy/hopes-for-shopping-revolution-as-malls-sprout-in-iran-1.1585877 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g293999-Activities-c26-t143-Tehran_Tehran_Province.html|title=THE 10 BEST Tehran Shopping Malls (with Photos)|website=Tripadvisor.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=2020-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807223641/https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g293999-Activities-c26-t143-Tehran_Tehran_Province.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The city has a number of [[commercial district]]s, including those located at [[Valiasr Street|Valiasr]], [[Davoodiyeh|Davudie]], and [[Zafaraniyeh|Zaferanie]]. The largest old [[bazaar]]s of Tehran are the [[Grand Bazaar, Tehran|Grand Bazaar]] and the [[Tajrish|Bazaar of Tajrish]]. [[Iran Mall]] is the largest mall in the world in area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infos10.com/biggest-shopping-malls-in-the-world/|title=Top 10 Biggest Shopping Malls In The World 2022|date=27 September 2021|website=Infos10.com|access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref>
 
Most of the international branded stores and upper-class shops are in the northern and western parts of the city. Tehran's retail business is growing with several newly built malls and shopping centres.<ref name="gulfn"/>
 
Tehran is a center for the production of women's clothing in Iran. Shoe (Mostly women's boots) manufacturing companies in Tehran can be reached in the malls.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=کتابشناسى و راهنماى صناىع دستى کشور - Page 177, 180}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Iranmall Overview.jpg|[[Iran Mall]]
File:Tiraje Mall, Tehran City.JPG|Tiraje Mall in western Tehran
File:فروشگاه زنجیره ای افق کوروش.jpg|Kourosh Mall in [[Shahid Sattari Expressway]]
File:Tehran Old Bazaar.jpg|Tehran's [[Grand Bazaar, Tehran|Old Grand Bazaar]]
File:OPAL Shopping Center, Sa'adat Abad, Tehran (7).jpg|OPAL Shopping Cente
File:Hyper.star.jpg|[[Iran Hyper Star|Hyperstar]], Tehran's subsidiary of [[Carrefour]]
</gallery>
List of modern and most-visited Shopping Malls in Tehran Province:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g293999-Activities-c26-t143-Tehran_Tehran_Province.html|title=THE 10 BEST Tehran Shopping Malls (with Photos)|website=Tripadvisor.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=2020-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807223641/https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g293999-Activities-c26-t143-Tehran_Tehran_Province.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Mega Mall
* Bamland Shopping Center
* Palladium Shopping Center
* Sam Center
* Iran Mall
* Kourosh Mall
* Tirajeh Shopping Center
* Modern Elahiyeh Shopping Center
* Donyaye Noor Shopping Centre
* Tandis Shopping Center
* Ava Centre
* Atlas Mall
* Goldis Mall
* OPAL Shopping Center
* Rosha Department Store
* Sivan Center
* Arg Shopping Center
* Nasr Shopping Center
* Galleria Shopping Center
* Charso Mall
* Mirdamad Shopping Center
* Royal Address Complex
* Platin Shopping Center
* Sana Shopping Center
* Sepid Shopping Center Tehran
* Najm Khavar Mianeh
* Parsian Shopping Center
* Artemis Shopping Center
* Heravi Center Shopping Mall
* Tuba shopping center
* Lale Shopping Center
* Andisheh Shopping Center
* Sky Center
* Lotus Mall
* Saba Shopping Mall
* Seven Center Shopping Mall
* Kasa Shopping
* Platin Shopping Center
{{div col end}}
 
=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Tehran}}
[[File:Golestan Palace (2022).jpg|thumb|[[Golestan Palace]], One of the oldest historic monuments in the city, and of [[World Heritage Site|world heritage]] status]]
Tehran, as one of the main tourist destinations in Iran, has a wealth of cultural attractions. It is home to royal complexes of [[Golestan Palace|Golestan]], [[Sa'dabad Complex|Saadabad]] and [[Niavaran Complex|Niavaran]], which were built under the reign of the country's last two monarchies.
 
Line 918 ⟶ 838:
 
A number of cultural and trade exhibitions take place in Tehran, which are mainly operated by the country's [[Iran International Exhibitions Company|International Exhibitions Company]]. Tehran's annual [[Tehran International Book Fair|International Book Fair]] is known to the international publishing world as one of the most important publishing events in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tibf.ir/ |title=Tehran International Book Fair |website=Tibf.ir |access-date=2009-06-15 |archive-date=2012-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510232545/http://www.tibf.ir/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<gallery mode="packed">
File:(86-113-8)Seafood (3).jpg|[[Tabiat Bridge]]
File:كاخ گلستان.jpg|[[Golestan Palace]]
File:Niavaran palace.jpg|[[Niavaran Complex]]
File:Mellat Palace Museum 02.jpg|[[Sa'dabad Complex]]
File:Masoodieh.jpg|[[Masoudieh Mansion|Masoudie]], [[Baharestan (district)|Baharestan]]
File:Národní muzeum Íránu.jpg|[[National Museum of Iran]]
File:Visitors at Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art (25839577818).jpg|[[Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art|Museum of Contemporary Art]]
File:Carpet Museum, Tehran.jpg|[[Carpet Museum of Iran]]
File:باغ موزه قصر1392.JPG|[[Museum of the Qasr Prison]]
File:موزه آبگینه16.jpg|[[Abgineh Museum of Tehran|Abgineh Museum]]
</gallery>
 
'''Hotel'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Espinas Palace Hotel
* [[Parsian Azadi Hotel]]
* [[Fereshteh Pasargad Hotel]]
* [[Laleh International Hotel]]
* [[Parsian Enghelab Hotel]]
* [[Parsian Esteghlal International Hotel]]
* Parsian Evin Hotel
* Ibis Hotel
* Espinas International Hotel
* Persian Plaza Hotel
* Hanna Boutique Hotel
* Homa Hotel
* Rexan Hotel
* Tehran Heritage Hostel
* Tehran Grand 1 Hotel
* Iran Cozy Hotel
* Pamchal Hotel
* Amatis Hotel
* Hotel Markazi Iran
* Marlik Hotel
* Ferdowsi Grand Hotel
* Atana Hotel
* Valiasr Hotel
* Taj Mahal Hotel
* Morvarid Hotel
* Hally Hotel
* Howeyzeh hotel
* Atlas Hotel
* Amir Hotel
{{div col end}}
 
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Espinas Palace Hotel 8316.jpg|Espinas Palace Hotel
File:Royal Hilton Hotel, Tehran (1970s).jpg|Parsian Esteghlal International Hotel
File:Ferdowsi International Grand Hotel.jpg|Ferdowsi Grand Hotel
File:Tehranhomahotel.jpg|Homa Hotel
File:Tehran InterContinental Hotel.jpg|Laleh International Hotel
File:Parsian Evin Hotel, Chamran Highway, Tehrān, Teheran, Iran - panoramio (1).jpg|Parsian Azadi Hotel
</gallery>
 
== Infrastructure ==
Line 978 ⟶ 843:
=== Highways and streets ===
{{See also|List of Expressways in Tehran}}
[[File:Fajr Bridge Tehran2.jpg|thumb|Fajr Bridge, [[Hemmat Expressway]]]]
Following the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic Revolution]] in 1979, the political system changed from [[constitutional monarchy]] to [[Islamic republic]]. Then the construction of political power in the country needed to change so that new spectrums of political power decision-making centers emerged in Iran. Motives, desires and actions of these new political power decision-making centers in Iran, made them rename streets and public places throughout the country, especially Tehran. For example Shahyad square changed to [[Azadi Square|Azadi square]] and Pahlavi street changed to [[Valiasr Street|Valiasr street]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=M|first=Badiei Azandehi|date=2009-01-01|title=THE DISCOURSE OF STREETS' NAMING IN TEHRAN AFTER ISLAMIC REVOLUTION|url=https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=176278|language=En|volume=5|issue=114|pages=72–101}}</ref>
 
The metropolis of Tehran is equipped with a large network of highways and interchanges.
 
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Fresh green ^ Red - panoramio.jpg|[[Valiasr Street]]
File:Fajr Bridge Tehran2.jpg|[[Hemmat Expressway]]
File:Tehran111.jpg|[[Modarres Expressway]]
File:Kordestan-Resalat-Hakim.jpg|[[Kordestan Expressway]] interchange with [[Resalat Expressway|Resalat]] and [[Hakim Expressway|Hakim]] expressways
</gallery>
 
[[File:Tehran in a holiday and work day 04.jpg|thumb|The left image shows Tehran on a day-off during the [[Nowruz]] holidays, and the right one shows it on a working day.]]
A number of streets in Tehran are named after international figures, including:
* [[Henri Corbin]] Street, central Tehran
* [[List of places and things named after Simón Bolivar|Simon Bolivar Boulevard]], northwestern Tehran
* [[Edward Granville Browne|Edward Browne]] Street, near the University of Tehran
* [[List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi#Outside India|Gandhi Street]], northern Tehran
* [[Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway]], western Tehran
* [[Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal Lahori]] Street, eastern Tehran
* [[Patrice Lumumba]] Street, western Tehran
* [[Nelson Mandela Boulevard (Jordan Street) Tehran|Nelson Mandela Boulevard]], northern Tehran
* [[Bobby Sands#Asia|Bobby Sands Street]], western side of the [[Embassy of the United Kingdom, Tehran|British Embassy]]
 
=== Cars ===
Line 1,013 ⟶ 860:
Buses have served the city since the 1920s. Tehran's transport system includes conventional buses, [[trolleybus]]es, and [[bus rapid transit]] (BRT). The city's four major bus stations include the South Terminal, the East Terminal, the West Terminal, and the northcentral Beyhaghi Terminal.
 
The trolleybus system was opened in 1992, using a fleet of 65 [[articulated bus|articulated]] trolleybuses built by [[Czech Republic]]'s [[Škoda Works|Škoda]].<ref name="Murray">Murray, Alan (2000). ''World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia'', pp. 57 and 99. Yateley, Hampshire, UK: Trolleybooks. {{ISBN|0-904235-18-1}}.</ref> This was the first trolleybus system in Iran.<ref name="Murray" /> In 2005, trolleybuses were operating on five routes, all starting at [[Imam Hossein Square]].<ref name="tm265">''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 265 (January–February 2006), pp. 16–17. National Trolleybus Association (UK). {{issn|0266-7452}}.</ref> Two routes running northeastwards operated almost entirely in a segregated [[Bus Rapid Transit|busway]] located in the middle of the wide [[carriageway]] along [[Damavand Street]], stopping only at purpose-built stops located about every 500 metres along the routes, effectively making these routes trolleybus-BRT (but they were not called such). The other three trolleybus routes ran south and operated in mixed traffic. Both route sections were served by [[limited-stop]] services and local (making all stops) services.<ref name="tm265" /> A 3.2-kilometer extension from Shoosh Square to Rah Ahan Square was opened in March 2010.<ref name="tm298">''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 298 (July–August 2011), pp. 89–90. National Trolleybus Association (UK).</ref> Visitors in 2014 found that the trolleybus system had closed, apparently sometime in 2013.<ref name="haseldine">Haseldine, Peter (March–April 2015). "Tehran Closure". ''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 320, pp. 40–43. National Trolleybus Association (UK). {{issn|0266-7452}}.</ref> However, it reopened in March 2016, operating on a single 1.8-km route between Meydan-e-Khorasan (Khorasan Square) and Bozorgrah-e-Be'sat.<ref name="tm328">''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 328 (July–August 2016), pp. 118–119. National Trolleybus Association (UK).</ref><ref name="trolleymotion-2016july">{{cite web|url=https://old.trolleymotion.eu/index.php?id=38&L=3&n_ID=2524|title=Teheran: Trolleybuses return!|last=Budach|first=D.|date=11 July 2016|website=TrolleyMotion|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702121933/https://old.trolleymotion.eu/index.php?id=38&L=3&n_ID=2524 |archivedate=2 July 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> Around 30 vehicles had been refurbished and returned to service.<ref name="tm328"/><ref name="trolleymotion-2016july"/> Extensions were planned.<ref name="trolleymotion-2016july"/>
 
[[Tehran Bus Rapid Transit|Tehran's bus rapid transit]] (BRT) was officially inaugurated in 2008. It has 10 lines with some 215 stations in different areas of the city. {{As of|2011}}, the BRT system had a network of {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=off}}, transporting 1.8 million passengers on a daily basis.
 
=== Bicycle ===
[[File:Bdood-Parking-lot.jpg|thumb|A [[Bdood|BDOOD]] station in Tehran]]
'''[[Bdood''']] is a dockless [[bike-sharing]] company in [[Iran]]the city. Founded in 2017, it is available in the central and northwest regions of the capital city of Tehran. The company has plans to expand across the city in the future.
 
In the first phase, the application covers the flat areas of Tehran and they would be out of use in poor weather conditions.
 
Riders can use 29 parking lots for the bikes across [[Enqelab Street|Enqelab Avenue]], [[Keshavarz Boulevard]], Beheshti Street and Motahhari Avenue in which the bikes are available 24/7 for riders.
 
=== Railway and subway ===
{{See also|Islamic Republic of Iran Railways|label 1=Iranian Railways|Tehran Metro}}
[[File:02 Tehran RailwayMetro Line 3 4.jpg|thumb|[[Tehran railwayMetro]] station|Tehran'sis railwaythe stationlargest metro system in the [[Middle East]].]]
[[File:2 Tehran Metro 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Meydan-e San'at Metro Station]]]]
Tehran has a [[Tehran Railway Station|central railway station]] that connects services round the clock to various cities in the country, along with a Tehran–Europe train line also running.
 
Line 1,095 ⟶ 937:
=== Airport ===
{{See also|Airlines of Iran}}
[[File:Tehran IKIA at Night.jpg|thumb|Entrance of the [[Imam Khomeini International Airport]], Primary international airport inof 2018Tehran]]
Tehran is served by the international airports of [[Mehrabad International Airport|Mehrabad]] and [[Imam Khomeini International Airport|Imam Khomeini]]. Mehrabad Airport, an old airport in western Tehran that doubles as a military base, is mainly used for domestic and charter flights. Imam Khomeini Airport, located {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=off}} south of the city, handles the main international flights.
 
=== Parks and green spaces ===
{{See also|List of Tehran metropolis parks}}
[[File:Park(86-113-8)Seafood Shahr Tehran(3).jpg|thumb|[[City Park, Tehran|CityAb-o-Atash Park]], Marchnorthern 2008Tehran]]
There are over 2,100 parks within the metropolis of Tehran,<ref name="irnamokh">{{Cite web |publisher=[[IRNA]] |url=http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81506819/ |title=Mokhtari: There are over 2,100 parks in Tehran |date=February 15, 2015 |access-date=November 9, 2015 |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102065657/http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81506819/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with one of the oldest being [[Jamshidieh Park|Jamshidie Park]], which was first established as a private garden for Qajar prince Jamshid Davallu, and was then dedicated to the last empress of Iran, [[Farah Pahlavi]]. The total green space within Tehran stretches over 12,600 hectares, covering over 20 percent of the city's area. The Parks and Green Spaces Organization of Tehran was established in 1960, and is responsible for the protection of the urban nature present in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Municipality of Tehran |url=http://parks.tehran.ir/default.aspx?tabid=356 |title=About Tehran Parks & Green Space Organization |access-date=2015-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029135406/http://parks.tehran.ir/default.aspx?tabid=356 |archive-date=2015-10-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:پارک آب و آتش تهران Water and Fire Park, Tehran - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Water and Fire park at night, February 2010]]
There are over 2,100 parks within the metropolis of Tehran,<ref name="irnamokh">{{Cite web |publisher=[[IRNA]] |url=http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81506819/ |title=Mokhtari: There are over 2,100 parks in Tehran |date=15 February 2015 |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-date=2 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102065657/http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81506819/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with one of the oldest being [[Jamshidieh Park|Jamshidie Park]], which was first established as a private garden for Qajar prince Jamshid Davallu, and was then dedicated to the last empress of Iran, [[Farah Pahlavi]]. The total green space within Tehran stretches over 12,600 hectares, covering over 20 percent of the city's area. The Parks and Green Spaces Organization of Tehran was established in 1960, and is responsible for the protection of the urban nature present in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Municipality of Tehran |url=http://parks.tehran.ir/default.aspx?tabid=356 |title=About Tehran Parks & Green Space Organization |access-date=2015-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029135406/http://parks.tehran.ir/default.aspx?tabid=356 |archive-date=2015-10-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
Tehran's Birds Garden is the largest bird park in Iran. There is also [[Eram Zoo|a zoo]] located on the Tehran–Karaj Expressway, housing over 290 species within an area of about five hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=ITTO |url=http://www.itto.org/tourismattractions/?sight=64 |title=The Tehran Zoological Garden |access-date=2015-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102065655/http://www.itto.org/tourismattractions/?sight=64 |archive-date=2016-01-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Line 1,122 ⟶ 963:
 
== Education ==
{{See also|Education in Iran|List of colleges and universities in Tehran|Science in Iran}}[[File:University of Tehran at night 2021 (1).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|The [[University of Tehran]] is the oldest modern university of Iran.]]
 
{{See also|Education in Iran|List of colleges and universities in Tehran|Science in Iran}}
 
Tehran is the largest and most important educational center in Iran. There are a total of nearly 50 major colleges and universities in Greater Tehran.
Line 1,136 ⟶ 975:
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Tehran}}
[[File:Grphymahyd Persian model in Yalda Night Style 2020 (3).jpg|thumb|Iranian model in a photography set for [[Yaldā Night]], including [[Shahnameh]].]]
The [[culture of Tehran]] concerns the arts, music, museums, festivals, many [[Persian Culture|Persian entertainments]] and sports activities in Tehran, the capital city of Iran. [[Iranian Festivals|Iranian festivals]] are held in Tehran along with regional and western festivals. [[Nowruz]], [[Chaharshanbe Suri]], [[Sizdah Be-dar]], [[Yaldā Night]], [[Valentine's Day]] and [[Halloween]] have been popular festivals in recent decades.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=فرهنگ عامه مردم تهران - ۹۸}}</ref>
 
=== Architecture ===
Line 1,158 ⟶ 999:
[[Tehran International Tower]] is the tallest skyscraper in Iran. It is 54-stories tall and located in the northern district of [[Yusef Abad]].
 
The [[Azadi Tower]], a memorial built under the reign of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]], has long been the most famous symbol of Tehran. Originally constructed in commemoration of the [[2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire|2,500th year of the foundation of the Imperial State of Iran]], it combines elements of the architecture of the [[Achaemenid architecture|Achaemenid]] and [[Sassanid architecture|Sassanid]] eras with post-classical [[Iranian architecture]]. The [[Milad Tower]], which is the [[List of towers|sixth tallest tower]]<ref name="NBN Nasl Bartar Novin">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbn.ir/viewer.php?id=15 |publisher=NBN (Nasl Bartar Novin) |title=Milad Tower, a perfect product for a perfect project |access-date=2009-09-10 |date=n.d. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117010931/http://www.nbn.ir/viewer.php?id=15 |archive-date=17 November 17, 2009 }}</ref> and the [[List of tallest buildings and structures#Tallest structures, freestanding structures, and buildings|24th-tallest freestanding structure]] in the world,<ref>Andrew Burke, Mark Elliott. ''Iran (Lonely Planet Country Guide)''. p. 114. Lonely Planet Publications, 5th Edition, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-74104-293-1}}.</ref> is the city's other famous landmark tower. [[Leila Araghian]]'s [[Tabiat Bridge]], the largest pedestrian overpass in Tehran, was completed in 2014 and is also considered a landmark.<ref name="archdaily" />
 
=== Fashion and clothing ===
{{See also|Fashion in Iran|Women's rights in Iran}}
[[File:Mahsa Ghazanfari, Iranian model and fashion designer (10).jpg|thumb|An Iranian woman in Tehran (2020)]]
The city has produced many notable Iranian design houses and clothing companies. Fashion events are also held in some areas of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ششمین نمایشگاه ایران مد از فردا آغاز می‌شود |url=https://www.ilna.ir/بخش-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1-6/697899-%D8%B4%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF |access-date=2019-09-16 |website=خبرگزاری ایلنا |language=fa}}</ref> Many famous Iranian models were born in Tehran, including [[Nazanin Afshin-Jam]], [[Cameron Alborzian]], [[Sahar Biniaz]], Elnaaz Norouzi, [[Shermine Shahrivar]] and [[Sadaf Taherian]].
 
Women of Tehran widely used over-the-knee and leather boots after 2000s. Several types of [[dominatrix]] boots are used as everyday boots in Tehran streets.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Fashion Fads History V2 -Persia-, p.171,172,176.}}</ref> Wearing pantyhose and leggings by women of Tehran caused criticism of the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|parliament]] and even the ministers of the Islamic Republic. Some members of the Iranian parliament criticized "wearing 3D leggings and thin [[tights]] by Tehrani women" and demanded that the [[Guidance Patrol|police]] deal with them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=گفت |first=معضل دختران ساپورت پوش در خیابانهای تهران |date=2017-07-09 |title=معضل دختران ساپورت پوش در خیابانهای تهران |url=https://www.momtaznews.com/معذل-دختران-ساپورت-پوش-خیابان-تهران/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=جديدترين اخبار ايران و جهان ممتاز نیوز |language=fa-IR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="ساپورت" زنان ایرانی؛ موضوع پرسش از وزیر کشور در مجلس – DW – ۱۳۹۳/۴/۳ |url=https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B9-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3/a-17734046 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=dw.com |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=میزان -, ۷۸۰ ته}}</ref>
 
=== Theater ===
[[File:RudakiHall.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Roudaki Hall]], Tehran]]
[[File:Giti Kashani performing the Chains in the Sky, Tehran, Iran, 1974-1975 (1) (51033985896).jpg|left|thumb|Giti Kashani performing at a [[cabaret]] in Tehran, before the [[Iranian Revolution|1979 revolution]]]]
Under the reign of the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]]s, Tehran was home to the royal theatre of [[Tekyeh Dowlat|Tekye Dowlat]], located to the southeast of the [[Golestan Palace]], in which traditional and religious performances were observed. It was eventually demolished and replaced with a bank building in 1947, following the reforms during the reign of [[Reza Shah]].
 
Line 1,167 ⟶ 1,016:
 
The [[City Theater of Tehran]], one of Iran's biggest theatre complexes, which contains several performance halls, was opened in 1972. It was built at the initiative and presidency of empress [[Farah Pahlavi]], and was designed by architect Ali Sardar Afkhami, constructed within five years.
 
One of the gathering centers of [[Cabaret|cabarets]] in old Tehran was [[Laleh-Zar Street]]. Famous Persian cabarets were active in the city until 1979. They also introduced many domestic artists. In common language, cabaret was sometimes called "home of dance" or "dancing place".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Entekhab.ir |first=پایگاه خبری تحلیلی انتخاب {{!}} |date=2023-05-29 |title=گزارشی از شب های تهران ۴۷ سال پیش / آمارهای قابل توجه درمورد تهرانی ها و خرج هایی که صرف خوشگذرانی می کردند |url=http://www.entekhab.ir/fa/news/657920 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=fa |language=fa}}</ref>
 
The annual events of [[Fajr International Theater Festival|Fajr Theater Festival]] and [[Tehran International Puppet Theatre Festival|Tehran Puppet Theater Festival]] take place in Tehran.
 
=== Cinema ===
[[File:Kouroshcineplex 1.jpg|thumb|Kourosh Cineplex, One of the biggest cinemas in the city]]
[[File:Azadi Cinema Complex 1657.jpg|thumb|left|[[Azadi Cinema Complex]]]]
[[File:Bagh-e Ferdows Tajrish.jpg|thumb|[[Ferdows Garden]] houses Iran's Cinema Museum.]]
The first movie theater in Tehran was established by [[Mirza Ebrahim Khan Sahhafbashi|Mirza Ebrahim Khan]] in 1904.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.massoudmehrabi.com/articles.asp?id=1414606616 |title=The history of Iranian cinema |author=Mehrabi, Massoud. |access-date=2017-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623113213/http://www.massoudmehrabi.com/articles.asp?id=1414606616 |archive-date=2018-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Until the early 1930s, there were 15 theaters in Tehran Province and 11 in other provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.horschamp.qc.ca/new_offscreen/preiran.html |title=Iranian Cinema: Before the Revolution |website=offscreen.com |date=November 1999 |access-date=2015-11-09 |archive-date=2014-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226080233/http://www.horschamp.qc.ca/new_offscreen/preiran.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Line 1,179 ⟶ 1,029:
Several film festivals are held in Tehran, including [[Fajr International Film Festival|Fajr Film Festival]], [[International Film Festival for Children and Youth|Children and Youth Film Festival]], House of Cinema Festival, Mobile Film and Photo Festival, Nahal Festival, [[Roshd International Film Festival|Roshd Film Festival]], Tehran Animation Festival, Tehran Short Film Festival, and Urban Film Festival.
 
=== ConcertsMusic and dance ===
[[File:Schiller Live in Tehran 2017.jpg|thumb|[[Schiller (band)|Schiller]] live in Tehran (2017)]]
There are a variety of concert halls in Tehran. An organization like the Roudaki Culture and Art Foundation has five different venues where more than 500 concerts take place this year. Vahdat Hall, Roudaki Hall, Ferdowsi Hall, Hafez Hall and Azadi Theater are the top five venues in Tehran, where classical, pop, traditional, rock or solo concerts take place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hipersia.com/en/news.cfm?id=580|title=Tehran Day Tour {{!}} Concert in Tehran - HiPersia|website=hipersia.com|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=2020-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808060336/https://hipersia.com/en/news.cfm?id=580|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[Erotic dance|Erotic dancers]] were active and trained in Tehran until the 1979 revolution. But after this date, due to the policies of the new government, these activities were completely banned.<ref name=":1" />
 
=== Sports ===
[[File:Dizin, Iran.jpeg|thumb|[[Dizin]], Iran's largest ski resort, is located near Tehran.]]
{{See also|Sport in Iran}}
Football and volleyball are the city's most popular sports, while wrestling, basketball, and futsal are also major parts of the city's sporting culture.{{fact|date=June 2023}}
 
[[List of ski areas and resorts in Iran|12 ski resorts]] operate in Iran, the most famous being [[Tochal Complex|Tochal]], [[Dizin]], and [[Shemshak (ski resort)|Shemshak]], all within one to three hours from the city of Tehran.{{fact|date=June 2023}}
 
[[Tochal]]'s resort is the world's fifth-highest ski resort at over {{convert|3730|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} above sea level at its highest point. It is also the world's nearest ski resort to a capital city. The resort was opened in 1976, shortly before the 1979 Revolution. It is equipped with an {{convert|8|km|mi|0|adj=mid|-long}} gondola lift that covers a huge vertical distance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tochal.org/en/telecabin_introduction.asp |title=Lines of Telecabin |website=tochal.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121200006/http://www.tochal.org/en/telecabin_introduction.asp |archive-date=2008-11-21 }}</ref> There are two parallel chair ski lifts in Tochal that reach {{convert|3900|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} high near Tochal's peak (at {{convert|4000|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=x|/}}), rising higher than the gondola's seventh station, which is higher than any of the European ski resorts. From the Tochal peak, there are views of the [[Alborz]] range, including the {{convert|5610|m|ft|0|adj=mid|-high}} [[Mount Damavand]], a dormant volcano.
 
{{wide image|Tehranderby76.jpg|1000px|The [[Azadi Stadium]] is the largest football stadium in West Asia.}}
Tehran is the site of the [[Azadi Stadium|national stadium of Azadi]], the [[List of stadiums by capacity|biggest stadium by capacity]] in West Asia, where many of the top matches of Iran's Premier League are held. The stadium is a part of the [[Azadi Sport Complex]], which was originally built to host the [[1974 Asian Games|7th Asian Games]] in September 1974. This was the first time the Asian Games were hosted in West Asia. Tehran played host to 3,010 athletes from 25 countries/NOCs, which was at the time the highest number of participants since the inception of the Games.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ocasia.org/7AG.asp |title=TEHRAN 1974 |website=[[Olympic Council of Asia]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711210717/http://www.ocasia.org/7AG.asp |archive-date=2006-07-11 }}</ref> That followed hosting the [[1976 AFC Asian Cup|6th AFC Asian Cup]] in June 1976, and then the first [[West Asian Games]] in November 1997. The success of the games led to the creation of the [[West Asian Games|West Asian Games Federation]] (WAGF), and the intention of hosting the games every two years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/westasiagames.html |title=West Asian Games |website=RSSSF |author=Stokkermans, Karel |date=22 January 22, 2015 |access-date=16 December 16, 2007 |archive-date=4 June 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604140852/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesw/westasiagames.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city had also hosted the final of the [[1968 AFC Asian Cup]]. Several [[FIVB Volleyball World League]] courses have also been hosted in Tehran.{{fact|date<gallery mode=June 2023}}"packed">
File:Azadi automobile Circuit 6.jpg|[[Azadi Sport Complex|Azadi automobile Circuit]]
File:Fitness training women M2 (babaea maryam Tehran 2018) 5.jpg|[[Horse riding]] in the west of the city
File:مژگان بختیاری تی ار اکس ترینر و بدنساز حرفه ای بین المللی ایرانی در تمرینات استاندارد در باشگاه (5).jpg|One of the health clubs in the city
File:Dizin, Iran.jpeg|[[Dizin]], Iran's largest ski resort, is located near Tehran.
File:Esteghlal Edges Past Persepolis 3-2 to Claim Tehran Derby-33.jpg|[[Tehran derby]] in [[Azadi Stadium]]. The match is considered one of the world's most intense derbies.
</gallery>
 
==== Football clubs ====
Line 1,272 ⟶ 1,130:
=== Food ===
{{See also|Iranian cuisine}}
[[File:Milad Tower Revolving Restaurant In August 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Milad Tower|Milad Tower Revolving Restaurant]], known as the largest [[revolving restaurant]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=برج میلاد، بزرگترين رستوران گردان جهان و شام 168 هزارتومانی |url=https://fararu.com/fa/news/80524/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85-168-%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C |access-date=2019-09-03 |website=fararu.com}}</ref>]]
There are many restaurants and cafes in Tehran, both modern and classic, serving both Iranian and cosmopolitan cuisine. Pizzerias, [[sandwich bar]]s, and [[kebab shop]]s make up the majority of food shops in Tehran.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thecitylane.com/where-to-eat-in-tehran-food-guide |title=Tehran Food Guide |publisher=The City Lane |date=27 July 2015 |access-date=26 July 2015 |archive-date=28 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728235411/http://thecitylane.com/where-to-eat-in-tehran-food-guide/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
There are many restaurants and cafes in Tehran, both modern and classic, serving both Iranian and cosmopolitan cuisine. Pizzerias, [[sandwich bar]]s, and [[kebab shop]]s make up the majority of food shops in Tehran.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thecitylane.com/where-to-eat-in-tehran-food-guide |title=Tehran Food Guide |publisher=The City Lane |date=July 27, 2015 |access-date=July 26, 2015 |archive-date=July 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728235411/http://thecitylane.com/where-to-eat-in-tehran-food-guide/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Darband, Teherán, Irán, 2016-09-18, DD 16.jpg|A restaurant in [[Darband, Tehran|Darband]]
File:Pizza Capri, Tehran.jpg|A pizzeria in Kamyab Street, Tehran
File:Seryna Jappanese Restaurant 瀬里奈 - panoramio.jpg|A Japanese restaurant in Tehran
File:2008 museum garden cafe Tehran 2789830499.jpg|Shemroon Cafe, in Tehran's Iranian Art Museum
File:139601061250177510379894 خیابان ۳۰ تیر.jpg|30 Tir food street
</gallery>
 
=== Graffiti ===
{{Main|Graffiti in Tehran}}
[[File:WritingGraffiti onin theTarasht City picture ScenesTehran.jpg|thumb|A scene from the 2016 documentary film ''[[Writing on the City]]'', showingGovernment-supported graffiti in Tehran's [[Sa'adat AbadTarasht]]]]
Many styles of graffiti are seen in Tehran. Some are political and revolutionary slogans painted by governmental organizations,<ref name="graff">{{Cite web |url=https://www.equaltimes.org/the-fleeting-freedom-of-street-art |title=The fleeting freedom of street art in Tehran |author=Cheragh Abadi, Mehrnoush. |date=10 February 10, 2017 |publisher=Equal Times |access-date=14 June 14, 2017 |archive-date=6 July 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706113011/https://www.equaltimes.org/the-fleeting-freedom-of-street-art |url-status=live }}</ref> and some are works of art by ordinary citizens, representing their views on both social and political issues. However, unsanctioned street art is forbidden in Iran,<ref name="graff"/> and such works are usually short-lived.
 
During the [[2009 Iranian presidential election protests]], many graffiti works were created by people supporting the [[Iranian Green Movement|Green Movement]]. They were removed from the walls by the paramilitary [[Basij]] forces.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://observers.france24.com/content/20100302-tehran-graffiti-war-green-movement-basij-militia-spray-paint-tags |title=Tehran's graffiti war |publisher=[[France 24]] |date=2 March 2, 2010 |access-date=19 November 19, 2014 |archive-date=21 March 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321154539/http://observers.france24.com/content/20100302-tehran-graffiti-war-green-movement-basij-militia-spray-paint-tags |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
In recent years, Tehran Municipality has been using graffiti in order to beautify the city. Several graffiti festivals have also taken place in Tehran, including the one organized by the [[Tehran University of Art]] in October 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mediacenter.dw.de/persian/pictures/item/687955/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C/ |title=دانشگاه هنر میزبان فستیوال گرافیتی |publisher=Deutsche Welle |language=fa |date=24 October 24, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130911080951/http://mediacenter.dw.de/persian/pictures/item/687955/دانشگاه_هنر_میزبان_فستیوال_گرافیتی/ |archive-date=11 September 11, 2013 |access-date=30 March 30, 2018 }}</ref>
 
==Twin towns – sister cities==
Line 1,328 ⟶ 1,179:
 
== Panoramic views ==
{{wide image|Tehran Night Panorama.jpg|900px|A panoramic view of Tehran at night}}{{Wide image|North of tehran.jpg|900px|A panoramic view of Tehran during the day in spring}}{{wide image|Tehran Panoramic View.jpg|900px|A panoramic view of Tehran during the day}}{{wide image|Tehran_in_a_clean_day.jpg|900px|A panoramic view of Tehran on a clean day}}
{{wide image|Tehran panorama in winter.JPG|900px|A panoramic view of Tehran during the day}}{{Wide image|North of tehran.jpg|900px|A panoramic view of Tehran during the day in spring}}{{wide image|Tehran Panoramic View.jpg|900px|A panoramic view of Tehran during the day}}{{wide image|Tehran_in_a_clean_day.jpg|900px|A panoramic view of Tehran on a clean day}}
 
== See also ==
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"