Mānuka honey: Difference between revisions

'''Mānuka honey''' ({{IPA-mi|maːnʉka}}) is a [[monofloral honey]] produced from the nectar of the [[Leptospermum|mānuka]] tree, ''[[Leptospermum scoparium]]''. The mānuka tree is indigenous to [[New Zealand]] onlyand some parts of coastal [[Australia]], but is today produced globally. MānukaUsed honeyas a [[sugar substitute]], it has a strong, earthy aroma and flavour. There haveis beenlittle [[evidence-based medicine|clinical evidence]] for its use as a [[topical medication]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |date=2022 |title=Is Manuka honey worth the money? |work=BBC Two |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/21sD2l323f9hzdfM7Smw9B4/is-manuka-honey-worth-the-money |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> . Manuka Honey possesses antibacterial activity against ''[[H. pylori]]''<ref>{{Cite web |lastwork=NzeakoBBC |first=Basil CTwo |date=Dec 2006 |title=The Antibacterial Activity of Honey on Helicobacter Pylori |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074916/}}</ref>, '''a type of bacteria that infects your stomach''' which can damage the tissue in your stomach and the first part of your small intestine (the duodenum) and can cause redness and soreness (inflammation). Manuka honey has been used to successfully eradicate S. aureus infections in the clinic and '''can inhibit the growth of methicillin-resistant S.''' '''aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at low concentrations in vitro.'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Helen L. |first=Brown |date=1 October 2020 |title=Antibacterial and Antivirulence Activity of Manuka Honey against Genetically Diverse Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Strains |url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/AEM.01768-20#:~:text=Manuka%20honey%20has%20been%20used,vitro%20(13%2C%2014). |url-status=live |website=American SOCIETY For microbiology2022}}</ref> The word ''mānuka'' is the [[Māori language|Māori]] name of the tree; however, as with many Māori words, the older spelling ''manuka'' (without a [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]]) remains relatively common in English. In [[Australia]] the name Manuka (without the macron) has been misused to represent different kinds of honey of different origins rather than [[New Zealand]]'s ''[[Leptospermum scoparium]].''

Mānuka honey is produced by [[Western honey bee|European honey bees (''Apis mellifera'')]] foraging on the mānuka (''[[Leptospermum scoparium]]''),<ref>{{Cite dictionary|url=http://maoridictionary.co.nz/word/3596|title=mānuka|dictionary=Te Aka Māori Dictionary|date=2003|first=John C.|last=Moorfield|access-date=30 October 2022}}</ref> which growsevidence uncultivatedsuggests originated in [[NewAustralia]] Zealandbefore the onset of the [[Miocene]] [[aridity]].<ref name="Stephens">{{cite journal | last1=Stephens | first1=JMC | last2=Molan | first2=PC | last3=Clarkson | first3=BD |year=2005 |title=A review of ''Leptospermum scoparium'' (Myrtaceae) in New Zealand | journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany | volume=43 | issue=2 |pages year=431–4492005 | issn=0028-825X | doi=10.1080/0028825x.2005.9512966 |issn pages=0028-825X431–449| s2cid=53515334 | doi-access=free |s2cid=53515334}}</ref> It grows uncultivated throughout both southeastern [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref name=Stephens/><ref name="reid">{{cite book|last1=Matheson|first1=Andrew|last2=Reid|first2=Murray|title=Practical beekeeping in New Zealand, 4th Edition|pages=80|date=2011|isbn=9781877568527|publisher=Exisle Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsD5y5Y71c8C&pg=PA80}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tanguy|first1=C. Marina Marchese & Kim Flottum; illustrations by Elara|title=The honey connoisseur : selecting, tasting, and pairing honey, with a guide to more than 30 varietals|date=2013|isbn=9781579129293|quote=It ([[Leptospermum scoparium]]) is native to New Zealand and Australia"}}</ref>

The UMF Honey Association was originally known as the Active Manuka Honey Association (AMHA), and was formed in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |title=Certificate of Incorporation |url=https://www.umf.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/UMFHA-Certificate-of-Incorporation.pdf}}</ref> In 2011, the AMHA became The Unique Manuka Factor Honey Association (UMFHA). The Australian Manuka Honey Association (AMHA) was established in 2017 following the discontinuation of the New Zealand Manuka Honey industry's change of the use of the acronym AMHA.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lucio |first1=Remedios |title=Aussies create Australian Manuka Honey Association |url=https://insidefmcg.com.au/2017/10/27/aussies-create-australian-manuka-honey-association/ |work=Inside FMCG |date=26 October 2017 |language=en-AU}}</ref> They established a set of standards for authentic Australian Manuka honey. Honey that carries the AMHA's Mark of Authenticity must be pure, natural Manuka honey, produced entirely in Australia, and be tested by an independent, approved laboratory to ensure it meets minimum standards of naturally occurring [[methylglyoxal]], [[dihydroxyacetone]], and [[leptosperin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manukaaustralia.org.au/quality-standards/criteria/|title=Australian Manuka Honey Association – Our Quality Standards|website=Australian Manuka Honey Association|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-07-09}}</ref>

[[Methylglyoxal]], a component of mānuka honey that, is shownunder tostudy havefor its potential activity against ''[[H. pylori]], [[E. coli]]'' and ''[[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Israili|first1=ZH|s2cid=23337250|title=Antimicrobial properties of honey.|journal=[[American Journal of Therapeutics]]|date=2014|volume=21|issue=4|pages=304–23|doi=10.1097/MJT.0b013e318293b09b|pmid=23782759}}</ref> Mānuka honey does not reduce the risk of infection following treatment for [[ingrown toenail]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Eekhof|first=JA|author2=Van Wijk, B|author3= Knuistingh Neven, A|author4= van der Wouden, JC|title=Interventions for ingrowing toenails|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=Apr 18, 2012|volume=4|issue=4|pages=CD001541|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001541.pub3|pmid=22513901|hdl=1871/48564}}</ref>