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In the [[Soviet Union]], which declared itself a workers' state, every adult able-bodied person was expected to work until official retirement. Thus [[unemployment]] was officially and theoretically eliminated. Those who [[refusal of work|refused to work]], study or serve in another way risked being criminally charged with ''social parasitism'' ({{lang-ru|тунеядство}} ''tuneyadstvo'', [[wikt:тунеядец|тунеядцы]] [''tuneyadets/tuneyadtsy"''),<ref>[http://www.law.edu.ru/article/article.asp?articleID=185739 Questions of criminal responsibility for the parasitic way of life (Russian)], by B.G. Pavlov, ''Jurisprudence'', [[Leningrad University]]</ref> in accordance with the socialist principle "from each according to his ability, [[to each according to his contribution]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1= Gregory |first1= Paul R. |last2= Stuart |first2= Robert C. |title= Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century|publisher= South-Western College Pub |year= 2003|isbn= 0-618-26181-8|page = 118|quote=Under socialism, each individual would be expected to contribute according to capability, and rewards would be distributed in proportion to that contribution.}}</ref>
In 1961, 130,000 people were identified as leading the "[[Anti-social behaviour|anti-social]], parasitic way of life" in the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]].<ref>Yevgenii Zhirnov, [http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1618579 Внушить полезный страх (To inflict helpful fear)], (Russian), [[Kommersant]], 2011-04-25(retrieved December 26, 2001)</ref> Charges of parasitism were frequently applied to [[dissidents]] and [[refusenik
For example, the Russian poet [[Joseph Brodsky]] was charged with social parasitism<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Remnick|first=David|title=Gulag Lite|url=http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2010/12/20/101220taco_talk_remnick?printable=true|accessdate=11 October 2011|magazine= [[The New Yorker]]|date=December 20, 2010}}</ref> by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] authorities. A 1964 trial found that his series of odd jobs and role as a poet were not a sufficient contribution to society.
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