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=== From "battlefield" to "battle-space" ===
Over the last 25{{When|date=May 2020}} years, the understanding of the military operational environment has transformed from primarily a time and space-driven linear understanding (a "battlefield") to a multi-dimensional system of systems understanding (a battle-space). This system of systems understanding implies that managing the battle-space has become more complex, primarily because of the increased importance of the cognitive domain, a direct result of the information age. Today, militaries are expected to understand the effects of their actions on the operational environment as a whole, and not just in the military domain of their operational environment.
=== From "Old" to "New" Battlespace ===
As competition and conflict evolved during the industrial age, so has the ability to militarily compete in the information age. Thinking and fighting in the [[Industrial Age|industrial age]] could best be conceptualized as the "Old Battlespace" because battlefield lines were more distinct and pronounced in the more tangible domains of land, sea, and air. However, as economies and technologies change, so do the ways countries and militaries compete and conduct warfare. Hence, in the [[Information Age|information age]], the tangible domains (land, sea, and air) remain a constant, however, with the advent of (and prominence) of cyber, outer-space, civil society, and social media (human or cognitive domain), such intangible realms of competition and conflict have taken on a greater prominence in the way non-kinetic and kinetic forms of warfare are pursued. Such a "New Battlespace" means that traditional barriers (e.g. vast distances, oceans, laws, etc.,) that used to prevent targeting are no longer an obstacle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matisek, Jahara & Jayamaha, Buddhika |first= |title=Old and New Battlespaces: Society, Military Power, and War |publisher=Lynne Rienner |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-62637-996-1}}</ref> Thus, emergent domains enable everything to be weaponized and the globe becomes a competitive space for any state or non-state actor. Anything and everything will be weaponized, as everyone becomes a combatant in global contestation whether they like it or not.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galeotti |first=Mark |title=The Weaponisation of Everything: A Field Guide to the New Way of War |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2022}}</ref> Such changes do not mean the nature of war has changed between Old and New Battlespaces, but instead points to the continuously changing character of war due to the modifications of economies, technologies, and military adaptation. This means the "New Battlespace" presents more complex problems to strategists and policymakers as the internet, deep interdependencies, and hyper-connectivity, make it difficult for armies built around an industrial age mindset to compete, and even more difficult when it comes to defending one's Homeland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matisek |first=Jahara |date=8 April 2022 |title=The New Battlespace is Here: The American Homeland is No Longer Safe |url=https://warroom.armywarcollege.edu/articles/new-battlespace/ |website=War Room (US Army War College)}}</ref>
===Battle-space agility===
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