Despite the growing ubiquity of Theory of Change, however, especially in the development arena, understanding of the approach and the methods necessary to implement it effectively are not uniform. In fact, there is evidence of some confusion about what the term ‘Theory of Change’ actually means; in some cases, what some program developers describe as a Theory of Change is, in essence, simply a [[Logical framework approach|log frame]], strategic plan or another approach that does not encompass the complexity of the Theory of Change approach. There is also inconsistent use of other common Theory of Change terminology (e.g., outputs, outcomes, impacts, etc.), which confounds effective Theory of Change design, evaluation, and learning.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Belcher |first1=Brian |last2=Palenberg |first2=Markus |title=Outcomes and Impacts of Development Interventions: Toward Conceptual Clarity |journal=American Journal of Evaluation |date=2018 |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=478–495 |doi=10.1177/1098214018765698 |s2cid=149485744 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1098214018765698}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Belcher |first1=Brian |last2=Halliwell |first2=Janet |title=Conceptualizing the elements of research impact: Towards semantics standards |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications |date=2021 |volume=8 |page=1-6 |doi=10.1057/s41599-021-00854-2 |s2cid=236461259 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-021-00854-2}}</ref>
